Match 148 DB Rec# - 7,600 Dataset-WOFACT
Title :Madagascar
Text :
Madagascar
Geography
Location:
Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Mozambique
Map references:
Africa
Area:
total area:
587,040 sq km
land area:
581,540 sq km
comparative area:
slightly less than twice the size of Arizona
Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
4,828 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
24 nm
continental shelf:
200 nm or 100 nm from the 2,500-m isobath
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova
Island, and Tromelin Island (all administered by France)
Climate:
tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south
Terrain:
narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center
Natural resources:
graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious
stones, mica, fish
Land use:
arable land:
4%
permanent crops:
1%
meadows and pastures:
58%
forest and woodland:
26%
other:
11%
Irrigated land:
9,000 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
soil erosion results from deforestation and overgrazing; desertification;
surface water contaminated with raw sewage and other organic wastes; several
species of flora and fauna unique to the island are endangered
natural hazards:
periodic cyclones
international agreements:
party to - Endangered Species, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban;
signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Law of the Sea
Geography
Note:
world's fourth-largest island; strategic location along Mozambique Channel
People
Population:
13,862,325 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years:
47% (female 3,231,647; male 3,265,715)
15-64 years:
50% (female 3,511,699; male 3,413,564)
65 years and over:
3% (female 225,205; male 214,495) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate:
3.18% (1995 est.)
Birth rate:
44.82 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate:
12.99 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
86.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
54.45 years
male:
52.47 years
female:
56.48 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate:
6.62 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Malagasy (singular and plural)
adjective:
Malagasy
Ethnic divisions:
Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers (mixed African,
Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry - Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka,
Sakalava), French, Indian, Creole, Comoran
Religions:
indigenous beliefs 52%, Christian 41%, Muslim 7%
Languages:
French (official), Malagasy (official)
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
80%
male:
88%
female:
73%
Labor force:
total workers:
4.9 million
workers not receiving money wages:
4.7 million (96% of total labor force); note - 4.3 million workers are in
subsistence agriculture
wage earners:
175,000 (3.6% of total work force)
People
wage earners by occupation:
agriculture 45,500, domestic service 29,750, industry 26,250, commerce
24,500, construction 19,250, service 15,750, transportation 10,500, other
3,500 (1985 est.)
Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Madagascar
conventional short form:
Madagascar
local long form:
Republique de Madagascar
local short form:
Madagascar
former:
Malagasy Republic
Digraph:
MA
Type:
republic
Capital:
Antananarivo
Administrative divisions:
6 provinces; Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa, Mahajanga, Toamasina,
Toliary
Independence:
26 June 1960 (from France)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 26 June (1960)
Constitution:
19 August 1992 by national referendum
Legal system:
based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
President Albert ZAFY (since 9 March 1993); election last held on 10
February 1993 (next to be held 1998); results - Albert ZAFY (UNDD), 67%;
Didier RATSIRAKA (AREMA), 33%
head of government:
Prime Minister Francisque RAVONY (since 9 August 1993)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister
Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament
Senate (Senat):
two-thirds of upper house seats are to be filled from popularly elected
regional assemblies; the remaining third is to be filled by presidential
appointment; decentralization and formation of regional assemblies is not
expected before 1997
National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale):
elections last held on 16 June 1993 (next to be held June 1997); results -
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (138 total) CFV coalition 76, PMDM/MFM
16, CSCD 11, Famima 10, RPSD 7, various pro-Ratsiraka groups 10, others 8
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (Cour Supreme), High Constitutional Court (Haute Cour
Constitutionnelle)
Government
Political parties and leaders:
Committee of Living Forces (CFV), an alliance of National Union for
Development and Democracy (UNDD), Support Group for Democracy and
Development in Madagascar (CSDDM), Action and Reflection Group for the
Development of Madagascar (GRAD), Congress Party for Madagascar Independence
- Renewal (AKFM-Fanavaozana), and some 12 other parties, trade unions, and
religious groups; Militant Party for the Development of Madagascar
(PMDM/MFM), formerly the Movement for Proletarian Power, Manandafy
RAKOTONIRINA; Confederation of Civil Societies for Development (CSCD), Guy
Willy RAZANAMASY; Association of United Malagasys (Famima); Rally for Social
Democracy (RPSD), Pierre TSIRANANA
Other political or pressure groups:
National Council of Christian Churches (FFKM); Federalist Movement
Member of:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU,
NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIH, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Pierrot Jocelyn RAJAONARIVELO
chancery:
2374 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
[1] (202) 265-5525, 5526
consulate(s) general:
New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Dennis P. BARRETT
embassy:
14-16 Rue Rainitovo, Antsahavola, Antananarivo
mailing address:
B. P. 620, Antananarivo
telephone:
[261] (2) 212-57, 200-89, 207-18
FAX:
[261] (2) 345-39
Flag:
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a vertical white band
of the same width on hoist side
Economy
Overview:
Madagascar is one of the poorest countries in the world, suffering from
chronic malnutrition, underfunded health and education facilities, a 3%
annual population growth rate, and severe loss of forest cover, accompanied
by erosion. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is the mainstay of
the economy, accounting for over 30% of GDP and contributing more than 70%
of total export earnings. Industry is largely confined to the processing of
agricultural products and textile manufacturing; in 1991 it accounted for
only 13% of GDP. In 1986 the government introduced a five-year development
plan that stressed self-sufficiency in food (mainly rice) by 1990, increased
production for exports, and reduced energy imports. Subsequently, growth in
output has been held back because of protracted antigovernment strikes and
demonstrations for political reform. Since 1993, corruption and political
instability have caused the economy and infrastructure to decay further.
Since April 1994, the government commitment to economic reforms has been
erratic. Enormous obstacles stand in the way of Madagascar's realizing its
considerable growth potential.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power parity - $10.6 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate:
2.8% (1994 est.)
National product per capita:
$790 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
35% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues:
$250 million
expenditures:
$265 million, including capital expenditures of $180 million (1991 est.)
Exports:
$240 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
coffee 45%, vanilla 20%, cloves 11%, shellfish, sugar, petroleum products
partners:
France, US, Germany, Japan, Russia
Imports:
$510 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
intermediate manufactures 30%, capital goods 28%, petroleum 15%, consumer
goods 14%, food 13%
partners:
France, Germany, Japan, UK, Italy, Netherlands
External debt:
$4.3 billion (1993 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate 3.8% (1993 est.); accounts for 13% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
220,000 kW
production:
560 million kWh
consumption per capita:
40 kWh (1993)
Economy
Industries:
agricultural processing (meat canneries, soap factories, breweries,
tanneries, sugar refining plants), light consumer goods industries
(textiles, glassware), cement, automobile assembly plant, paper, petroleum
Agriculture:
accounts for 31% of GDP; cash crops - coffee, vanilla, sugarcane, cloves,
cocoa; food crops - rice, cassava, beans, bananas, peanuts; cattle raising
widespread; almost self-sufficient in rice
Illicit drugs:
illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild varieties) used mostly for
domestic consumption
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $136 million; Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.125 billion;
Communist countries (1970-89), $491 million
Currency:
1 Malagasy franc (FMG) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates:
Malagasy francs (FMG) per US$1 - 3,718.0 (November 1994), 1,913.8 (1993),
1,864.0 (1992), 1,835.4 (1991), 1,454.6 (December 1990)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
Transportation
Railroads:
total:
1,020 km
narrow gauge:
1,020 km 1.000-m gauge
Highways:
total:
40,000 km
paved:
4,694 km
unpaved:
gravel, crushed stone, stabilized earth 811 km; other earth 34,495 km (est.)
Inland waterways:
of local importance only; isolated streams and small portions of Canal des
Pangalanes
Ports:
Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Port Saint-Louis, Toamasina, Toliaria
Merchant marine:
total:
10 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,261 GRT/28,193 DWT
ships by type:
cargo 5, chemical tanker 1, liquefied gas tanker 1, oil tanker 1,
roll-on/roll-off cargo 2
Airports:
total:
138
with paved runways over 3,047 m:
1
with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:
2
with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:
3
with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
21
with paved runways under 914 m:
42
with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m:
5
with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
64
Communications
Telephone system:
NA telephones; above average system
local:
NA
intercity:
open-wire lines, coaxial cables, microwave radio relay, and tropospheric
scatter links
international:
submarine cable to Bahrain; 1 earth station for Indian Ocean INTELSAT
Radio:
broadcast stations:
AM 17, FM 3, shortwave 0
radios:
NA
Television:
broadcast stations:
1 (repeaters 36)
televisions:
NA
Defense Forces
Branches:
Popular Armed Forces (includes Intervention Forces, Development Forces,
Aeronaval Forces - includes Navy and Air Force), Gendarmerie, Presidential
Security Regiment
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 3,027,156; males fit for military service 1,800,127; males
reach military age (20) annually 130,071 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $35 million, 1.3% of GDP (1991)
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The printed version of this item can be found under the title:
The World Factbook 1995,
SuDoc No: PREX 3.15:995
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