Match 165 DB Rec# - 7,617 Dataset-WOFACT
Title :Mongolia
Text :
Mongolia
Geography
Location:
Northern Asia, north of China
Map references:
Asia
Area:
total area:
1.565 million sq km
land area:
1.565 million sq km
comparative area:
slightly larger than Alaska
Land boundaries:
total 8,114 km, China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
none; landlocked
International disputes:
none
Climate:
desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
Terrain:
vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest; Gobi
Desert in southeast
Natural resources:
oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc,
wolfram, fluorspar, gold
Land use:
arable land:
1%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
79%
forest and woodland:
10%
other:
10%
Irrigated land:
770 sq km (1989)
Environment:
current issues:
limited natural fresh water resources; policies of the former communist
regime promoting rapid urbanization and industrial growth have raised
concerns about their negative effects on the environment; the burning of
soft coal and the concentration of factories in Ulaanbaatar have severely
polluted the air; deforestation, overgrazing, the converting of virgin land
to agricultural production have increased soil erosion from wind and rain;
desertification
natural hazards:
duststorms can occur in the spring
international agreements:
party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Environmental Modification, Nuclear
Test Ban; signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Law of the Sea
Note:
landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia
People
Population:
2,493,615 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years:
40% (female 495,919; male 511,464)
15-64 years:
56% (female 693,037; male 693,776)
65 years and over:
4% (female 54,991; male 44,428) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate:
2.58% (1995 est.)
Birth rate:
32.65 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate:
6.82 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
41.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
66.54 years
male:
64.28 years
female:
68.92 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate:
4.26 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Mongolian(s)
adjective:
Mongolian
Ethnic divisions:
Mongol 90%, Kazakh 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%, other 2%
Religions:
predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim 4%
note:
previously limited religious activity because of Communist regime
Languages:
Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian, Chinese
Literacy:
NA%
Labor force:
NA
by occupation:
primarily herding/agricultural
note:
over half the adult population is in the labor force, including a large
percentage of women; shortage of skilled labor
Government
Names:
conventional long form:
none
conventional short form:
Mongolia
local long form:
none
local short form:
Mongol Uls
former:
Outer Mongolia
Digraph:
MG
Type:
republic
Capital:
Ulaanbaatar
Administrative divisions:
18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 3 municipalities* (hotuud,
singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*,
Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd,
Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs
Independence:
13 March 1921 (from China)
National holiday:
National Day, 11 July (1921)
Constitution:
adopted 13 January 1992
Legal system:
blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; no constitutional
provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990); election last
held 6 June 1993 (next to be held NA 1997); results - Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT
(MNDP and MSDP) elected directly with 57.8% of the vote; other candidate
Lodongiyn TUDEV (MPRP)
head of government:
Prime Minister Putsagiyn JASRAY (since 3 August 1992); Deputy Prime
Ministers Lhamsuren ENEBISH and Choijilsurengiyn PUREVDORJ (since NA)
cabinet:
Cabinet; appointed by the Great Hural
Legislative branch:
unicameral
State Great Hural:
elections held for the first time 28 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results
- percent of vote by party NA; seats - (76 total) MPRP 71, United Party of
Mongolia 4, MSDP 1
note:
the People's Small Hural no longer exists
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts,
but to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts
Government
Political parties and leaders:
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON,
secretary general; Mongolian National Democratic Party (MNDP), D. GANBOLD,
chairman; Mongolian Social Democratic Party (MSDP), B. BATBAYAR, chairman;
United Party of Mongolia, leader NA
note:
opposition parties were legalized in May 1990
Member of:
AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,
ILO, IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM
(observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Luvsandorj DAWAAGIW
chancery:
2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone:
[1] (202) 333-7117
FAX:
[1] (202) 298-9227
consulate(s) general:
New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Donald C. JOHNSON
embassy:
address NA, Ulaanbaatar
mailing address:
c/o American Embassy Beijing, Micro Region 11, Big Ring Road; PSC 461, Box
300, FPO AP 96521-0002
telephone:
[976] (1) 329095, 329606
FAX:
[976] (1) 320776
Flag:
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red, centered on
the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a
columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun,
moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol)
Economy
Overview:
Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses of
unproductive land have constrained economic development. Economic activity
traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock.
In past years extensive mineral resources had been developed with Soviet
support; total Soviet assistance at its height amounted to 30% of GDP. The
mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold
account for a large part of industrial production. Timber and fishing are
also important sectors. The Mongolian leadership has been gradually making
the transition from Soviet-style central planning to a market economy
through privatization and price reform, and is soliciting support from
international financial agencies and foreign investors. The economy,
however, has still not recovered from the loss of Soviet aid, and the
country continues to suffer substantial economic hardships, with one-fourth
of the population below the poverty line.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power parity - $4.4 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate:
2.5% (1994 est.)
National product per capita:
$1,800 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
70% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate:
15% (1991 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
$NA
expenditures:
$NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)
note:
deficit of $67 million
Exports:
$360 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other
nonferrous metals
partners:
former CMEA countries 62%, China 17%, EC 8% (1992)
Imports:
$361 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods,
chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea
partners:
USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5% (1991)
External debt:
$NA
Industrial production:
growth rate -15% (1992 est.); accounts for about 42% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
900,000 kW
production:
3.1 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
1,267 kWh (1993)
Economy
Industries:
copper, processing of animal products, building materials, food and
beverage, mining (particularly coal)
Agriculture:
accounts for about 35% of GDP and provides livelihood for about 50% of the
population; livestock raising predominates (primarily sheep and goats, but
also cattle, camels, and horses); crops - wheat, barley, potatoes, forage
Economic aid:
NA
Currency:
1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos
Exchange rates:
tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 415.34 (January 1995), 412.72 (1994), 42.56
(1992), 9.52 (1991), 5.63 (1990)
note:
the exchange rate 40 tughriks = 1US$ was introduced June 1991 and was in
force to the end of 1992; beginning 27 May 1993 the exchange rate is the
midpoint of the average buying and selling rates that are freely determined
on the basis of market transactions between commercial banks and the nonbank
public
Fiscal year:
calendar year
Transportation
Railroads:
total:
1,750 km
broad gauge:
1,750 km 1.524-m gauge (1988)
Highways:
total:
46,700 km
paved:
1,000 km
unpaved:
45,700 km (1988)
Inland waterways:
397 km of principal routes (1988)
Ports:
none
Airports:
total:
34
with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:
7
with paved runways under 914 m:
1
with unpaved runways over 3,047 m:
3
with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:
5
with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m:
10
with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
3
with unpaved runways under 914 m:
5
Communications
Telephone system:
63,000 telephones (1989)
local:
NA
intercity:
NA
international:
at least 1 satellite earth station
Radio:
broadcast stations:
AM 12, FM 1, shortwave 0
radios:
220,000
Television:
broadcast stations:
1 (provincial repeaters - 18)
televisions:
120,000
Defense Forces
Branches:
Mongolian People's Army (includes Internal Security Forces and Frontier
Guards), Air Force
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 605,633; males fit for military service 394,433; males reach
military age (18) annually 25,862 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $22.8 million, 1% of GDP (1992)
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The World Factbook 1995,
SuDoc No: PREX 3.15:995
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