Match 202 DB Rec# - 7,654 Dataset-WOFACT
Title :Russia
Text :
Russia
Geography
Location:
Northern Asia (that part west of the Urals is sometimes included with
Europe), bordering the Arctic Ocean, between Europe and the North Pacific
Ocean
Map references:
Asia
Area:
total area:
17,075,200 sq km
land area:
16,995,800 sq km
comparative area:
slightly more than 1.8 times the size of the US
Land boundaries:
total 20,139 km, Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southeast) 3,605
km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km,
Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km, Latvia 217 km, Lithuania
(Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 167 km, Poland
(Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 1,576 km
Coastline:
37,653 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf:
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
inherited disputes from former USSR including: sections of the boundary with
China; islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan and the Habomai group
occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, administered by Russia, claimed by
Japan; maritime dispute with Norway over portion of the Barents Sea; Caspian
Sea boundaries are not yet determined; potential dispute with Ukraine over
Crimea; Estonia claims over 2,000 sq km of Russian territory in the Narva
and Pechora regions; the Abrene section of the border ceded by the Latvian
Soviet Socialist Republic to Russia in 1944; has made no territorial claim
in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize
the claims of any other nation
Climate:
ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of
European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north;
winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers
vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast
Terrain:
broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra
in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions
Natural resources:
wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas,
coal, and many strategic minerals, timber
note:
formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation
of natural resources
Land use:
arable land:
8%
permanent crops:
NEGL%
Geography
meadows and pastures:
5%
forest and woodland:
45%
other:
42%
Irrigated land:
56,000 sq km (1992)
Environment:
current issues:
air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants,
and transportation in major cities; industrial and agricultural pollution of
inland waterways and sea coasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil
contamination from improper application of agricultural chemicals; scattered
areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination
natural hazards:
permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development;
volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the
Kamchatka Peninsula
international agreements:
party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands,
Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Biodiversity, Law of the Sea
Note:
largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in
relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its size, much of the
country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too dry) for
agriculture
People
Population:
149,909,089 (July 1995 est.)
note:
official Russian statistics put the population at 148,200,000 for 1994
Age structure:
0-14 years:
22% (female 16,208,640; male 16,784,017)
15-64 years:
66% (female 50,711,209; male 48,247,101)
65 years and over:
12% (female 12,557,447; male 5,400,675) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.2% (1995 est.)
note:
official Russian statistics put the population growth rate at -6.0% for 1994
Birth rate:
12.64 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
note:
official Russian statistics put the birth rate at 9.5 births per l,000
population for 1994
Death rate:
11.36 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
note:
official Russian statistics put the death rate at 15.5 deaths per l,000
population in 1994
Net migration rate:
0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
26.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
note:
official Russian statistics put the infant mortality rate at 19.9 deaths per
l,000 live births in 1994
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
69.1 years
male:
64.1 years
female:
74.35 years (1995 est.)
note:
official Russian statistics put life expectancy at birth as 64 years for
total population in 1994
Total fertility rate:
1.82 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Russian(s)
adjective:
Russian
Ethnic divisions:
Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%, Bashkir 0.9%,
Byelorussian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1%
Religions:
Russian Orthodox, Muslim, other
Languages:
Russian, other
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1989)
People
total population:
98%
male:
100%
female:
97%
Labor force:
85 million (1993)
by occupation:
production and economic services 83.9%, government 16.1%
Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Russian Federation
conventional short form:
Russia
local long form:
Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
local short form:
Rossiya
former:
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Digraph:
RS
Type:
federation
Capital:
Moscow
Administrative divisions:
21 autonomous republics (avtomnykh respublik, singular - avtomnaya
respublika); Adygea (Maykop), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatia (Ulan-Ude),
Chechnya (Groznyy), Chuvashia (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala),
Gorno-Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Ingushetia (Nazran'), Kabardino-Balkaria
(Nal'chik), Kalmykia (Elista), Karachay-Cherkessia (Cherkessk), Karelia
(Petrozavodsk), Khakassia (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mari El (Yoshkar-Ola),
Mordovia (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tuva
(Kyzyl), Udmurtia (Izhevsk), Yakutia - also known as Sakha (Yakutsk); 49
oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Amur (Blagoveshchensk),
Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk,
Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy),
Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad (St. Petersburg),
Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk,
Omsk, Orel, Orenburg, Penza, Perm', Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin
(Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg),
Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver', Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd,
Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl'; 6 krays (krayev, singular - kray); Altay
(Barnaul), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Primorskiy (Vladivostok),
Stavropol'; 10 autonomous okrugs; Aga (Aginskoye), Chukotka (Anadyr'),
Evenkia (Tura), Khantia-Mansia (Khanty-Mansiysk), Koryakia (Palana),
Nenetsia (Nar'yan-Mar), Permyakia (Kudymkar), Taymyria (Dudinka), Ust'-Onda
(Ust'-Ordynskiy), Yamalia (Salekhard); 1 autonomous oblast (avtomnykh
oblast'); Birobijan
note:
the autonomous republics of Chechnya and Ingushetia were formerly the
autonomous republic of Checheno-Ingushetia (the boundary between Chechenia
and Ingushetia has yet to be determined); the cities of Moscow and St.
Petersburg are federal cities; an administrative division has the same name
as its administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name
following in parentheses)
Independence:
24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)
National holiday:
Independence Day, June 12 (1990)
Constitution:
adopted 12 December 1993
Legal system:
based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Government
Executive branch:
chief of state:
President Boris Nikolayevich YEL'TSIN (since 12 June 1991); election last
held 12 June 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote by
party NA; note - no vice president; if the president dies in office, cannot
exercise his powers because of ill health, is impeached, or resigns, the
premier succeeds him; the premier serves as acting president until a new
presidential election is held, which must be within three months
head of government:
Premier and Chairman of the Council of Ministers Viktor Stepanovich
CHERNOMYRDIN (since 14 December 1992); First Deputy Chairmen of the Council
of Ministers Oleg SOSKOVETS (since 30 April 1993) and Anatoliy CHUBAYS
(since 5 November 1994)
Security Council:
originally established as a presidential advisory body in June 1991, but
restructured in March 1992 with responsibility for managing individual and
state security
Presidential Administration:
drafts presidential edicts and provides staff and policy support to the
entire executive branch
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; appointed by the president
Group of Assistants:
schedules president's appointments, processes presidential edicts and other
official documents, and houses the president's press service and primary
speechwriters
Council of Heads of Republics:
includes the leaders of the 21 ethnic-based Republics
Council of Heads of Administrations:
includes the leaders of the 66 autonomous territories and regions, and the
mayors of Moscow and St. Petersburg
Presidential Council:
prepares policy papers for the president
Legislative branch:
bicameral Federal Assembly
Federation Council:
elections last held 12 December 1993 (next to be held NA); results - two
members elected from each of Russia's 89 territorial units for a total of
176 deputies; 2 seats unfilled as of 15 May 1994 (Chechnya did not
participate in the election); Speaker Vladimir SHUMEYKO (Russia's Democratic
Choice)
State Duma:
elections last held 12 December 1993 (next to be held NA December 1995);
results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (450 total) Russia's
Democratic Choice 78, New Regional Policy 66, Liberal Democrats 63, Agrarian
Party 55, Communist Party of the Russian Federation 45, Unity and Accord 30,
Yavlinskiy-Boldyrev-Lukin Bloc (Yabloko) 27, Women of Russia 23, Democratic
Party of Russia 15, Russia's Path 12, other parties 23, affiliation unknown
12, unfilled (as of 13 March 1994; Chechnya did not participate in the
election) 1; Speaker Ivan RYBKIN (Agrarian Party); note - as of 11 April
1995, seats were as follows: Russia's Democratic Choice 54, New Regional
Policy 32, Liberal Democrats 54, Agrarian Party 51, Communist Party of the
Russian Federation 45, Unity and Accord 25, Yavlinskiy-Boldyrev-Lukin Bloc
(Yabloko) 28, Liberal Democratic Union of 12 December 9, Women of Russia 22,
Democratic Party of Russia 10, Russia's Path 12, Duma 96 23, Russia 35,
Stability 36, affiliation unknown 14
Judicial branch:
Constitutional Court, Supreme Court (highest court for criminal, civil, and
administrative cases), Superior Court of Arbitration (highest court that
resolves economic disputes)
Government
Political parties and leaders:
pro-market democrats:
Party of Russian Unity and Accord, Sergey SHAKHRAY; Russia's Democratic
Choice Party, Yegor GAYDAR; Russian Movement for Democratic Reforms,
Anatoliy SOBCHAK; Yavlinskiy-Boldyrev-Lukin Bloc (Yabloko), Grigoriy
YAVLINSKIY; Liberal Democratic Union of 12 December, Boris FEDOROV
centrists/special interest parties:
Civic Union for Stability, Justice, and Progress, Arkadiy VOL'SKIY;
Democratic Party of Russia, Sergey GLAZ'YEV; Women of Russia, Alevtina
FEDULOVA; Social Democratic Peoples' Party, Vasiliy LIPITSKIY; New Regional
Policy (NRP), Vladimir MEDVEDEV
anti-market and/or ultranationalist parties:
Agrarian Party, Mikhail LAPSHIN; Communist Party of the Russian Federation,
Gennadiy ZYUGANOV; Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, Vladimir
ZHIRINOVSKIY; Derzhava, Aleksandr RUTSKOY
note:
more than 20 political parties and associations tried to gather enough
signatures to run slates of candidates in the 12 December 1993 legislative
elections, but only 13 succeeded
Other political or pressure groups:
NA
Member of:
BSEC, CBSS, CCC, CE (guest), CERN (observer), CIS, EBRD, ECE, ESCAP, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MINURSO, NACC, NSG, OAS (observer),
OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UN Security Council, UNAMIR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMIH, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Sergey LAVROV
chancery:
2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone:
[1] (202) 298-5700 through 5704
FAX:
[1] (202) 298-5735
consulate(s) general:
New York, San Francisco, and Seattle
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Thomas R. PICKERING
embassy:
Novinskiy Bul'var 19/23, Moscow
mailing address:
APO AE 09721
telephone:
[7] (095) 252-24-51 through 59
FAX:
[7] (095) 956-42-61
consulate(s) general:
St. Petersburg, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg
Flag:
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red
Economy
Economy
Overview:
Russia, a vast country with a wealth of natural resources, a well-educated
population, and a diverse industrial base, continues to experience
formidable difficulties in moving from its old centrally planned economy to
a modern market economy. President YEL'TSIN's government has made
substantial strides in converting to a market economy since launching its
economic reform program in January 1992 by freeing nearly all prices,
slashing defense spending, eliminating the old centralized distribution
system, completing an ambitious voucher privatization program, establishing
private financial institutions, and decentralizing foreign trade. Russia,
however, has made little progress in a number of key areas that are needed
to provide a solid foundation for the transition to a market economy.
Financial stabilization has remained elusive, with wide swings in monthly
inflation rates. Only limited restructuring of industry has occurred so far
because of a scarcity of investment funds and the failure of enterprise
managers to make hard cost-cutting decisions. In addition, Moscow has yet to
develop a social safety net that would allow faster restructuring by
relieving enterprises of the burden of providing social benefits for their
workers and has been slow to develop the legal framework necessary to fully
support a market economy and to encourage foreign investment. As a result,
output has continued to fall. According to Russian official data, which
probably overstate the fall, GDP declined by 15% in 1994 compared with a 12%
decline in 1993. Industrial output in 1994 fell 21% with all major sectors
taking a hit. Agricultural production in 1994 was down 9%. The grain harvest
totaled 81 million tons, some 15 million tons less than in 1993.
Unemployment climbed to an estimated 6.6 million or about 7% of the work
force by yearend 1994. Floundering Russian firms have already had to put
another 4.8 million workers on involuntary, unpaid leave or shortened
workweeks. Government fears of large-scale unemployment continued to hamper
industrial restructuring efforts. According to official Russian data, real
per capita income was up nearly 18% in 1994 compared with 1993, in part
because many Russians are working second jobs. Most Russians perceive that
they are worse off now because of growing crime and health problems and
mounting wage arrears. Russia has made significant headway in privatizing
state assets, completing its voucher privatization program at midyear 1994.
At least a portion of about 110,000 state enterprises were transferred to
private hands by the end of 1994. Including partially privatized firms, the
private sector accounted for roughly half of GDP in 1994. Financial
stabilization continued to remain a challenge for the government. Moscow
tightened financial policies in late 1993 and early 1994, including
postponing planned budget spending, and succeeded in reducing monthly
inflation from 18% in January to about 5% in July and August. At midyear,
however, the government relaxed austerity measures in the face of mounting
pressure from industry and agriculture, sparking a new round of inflation;
the monthly inflation rate jumped to roughly 15% per month during the fourth
quarter. In response, Moscow announced a fairly tight government budget for
1995 designed to bring monthly inflation down to around 1% by the end of
1995. According to official statistics, Russia's 1994 trade with nations
outside the former Soviet Union produced a $12.3 billion surplus, up from
$11.3 billion in 1993. Foreign sales - comprised largely of oil, natural
gas, and other raw materials - grew more than 8%. Imports also were up 8% as
demand for food and other consumer goods surged. Russian trade with other
former Soviet republics continued to decline. At the same time, Russia paid
only a fraction of the roughly $20 billion in debt that came due in 1994,
and by the end of the year, Russia's hard currency foreign debt had risen to
nearly $100 billion. Moscow reached agreement to restructure debts with
Paris Club official creditors in mid-1994 and concluded a preliminary deal
with its commercial bank creditors late in the year to reschedule debts owed
them in early 1995. Capital flight continued to be a serious problem in
1994, with billions of additional dollars in assets being moved abroad,
Economy
primarily to bank accounts in Europe. Russia's physical plant continues to
deteriorate because of insufficient maintenance and new construction. Plant
and equipment on average are twice the age of the West's. Many years will
pass before Russia can take full advantage of its natural resources and its
human assets.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power parity - $721.2 billion (1994 estimate as
extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992)
National product real growth rate:
-15% (1994 est.)
National product per capita:
$4,820 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
10% per month (average 1994)
Unemployment rate:
7.1% (December 1994) with considerable additional underemployment
Budget:
revenues:
$NA
expenditures:
$NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports:
$48 billion (f.o.b., 1994)
commodities:
petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products,
metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures
partners:
Europe, North America, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba
Imports:
$35.7 billion (f.o.b., 1994)
commodities:
machinery and equipment, consumer goods, medicines, meat, grain, sugar,
semifinished metal products
partners:
Europe, North America, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba
External debt:
$95 billion-$100 billion (yearend 1994)
Industrial production:
growth rate -21% (1994)
Electricity:
capacity:
213,100,000 KW
production:
876 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
5,800 kWh (1994)
Industries:
complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas,
chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to
high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; ship- building; road and rail
transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery,
tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and
transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer
durables
Agriculture:
grain, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, meat, milk, vegetables, fruits; because
of its northern location does not grow citrus, cotton, tea, and other warm
climate products
Economy
Illicit drugs:
illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly for domestic
consumption; government has active eradication program; used as
transshipment point for Asian and Latin American illicit drugs to Western
Europe and Latin America
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (1990-94), $15 billion; other countries, ODA
and OOF bilateral commitments (1990-93), $120 billion
Currency:
1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks
Exchange rates:
rubles per US$1 - 3,550 (29 December 1994), 1,247 (27 December 1993);
nominal exchange rate still deteriorating but real exchange rate holding
steady
Fiscal year:
calendar year
Transportation
Railroads:
total:
154,000 km; note - 87,000 km in common carrier service (49,000 km diesel;
and 38,000 km electrified); 67,000 km serve specific industries and are not
available for common carrier use
broad gauge:
154,000 km 1.520-m gauge (1 January 1994)
Highways:
total:
934,000 km (445,000 km serve specific industries or farms and are not
available for common carrier use)
paved and graveled:
725,000 km
unpaved:
209,000 km (1 January 1994)
Inland waterways:
total navigable routes in general use 101,000 km; routes with navigation
guides serving the Russian River Fleet 95,900 km; of which routes with night
navigational aids 60,400 km; man-made navigable routes 16,900 km (1 January
1994)
Pipelines:
crude oil 48,000 km; petroleum products 15,000 km; natural gas 140,000 km
(30 June 1993)
Ports:
Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Kaliningrad, Kazan', Khabarovsk, Kholmsk,
Krasnoyarsk, Moscow, Murmansk, Nakhodka, Nevel'sk, Novorossiysk,
Petropavlovsk, St. Petersburg, Rostov, Sochi, Tuapse, Vladivostok,
Volgograd, Vostochnyy, Vyborg
Merchant marine:
total:
800 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,295,109 GRT/10,128,579 DWT
ships by type:
barge carrier 2, bulk cargo 26, cargo 424, chemical tanker 7, combination
bulk 22, combination ore/oil 16, container 81, multifunction large-load
carrier 3, oil tanker 111, passenger 4, passenger-cargo 5, refrigerated
cargo 19, roll-on/roll-off cargo 62, short-sea passenger 16, specialized
tanker 2
note:
in addition, Russia owns 235 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,084,439
DWT that operate under Maltese, Cypriot, Liberian, Panamanian, Saint Vincent
and the Grenadines, Honduran, Marshall Islands, Bahamian, and Vanuatu
registry
Airports:
total:
2,517
with paved runways over 3,047 m:
54
with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:
202
with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:
108
with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
115
with paved runways under 914 m:
151
with unpaved runways over 3,047 m:
25
with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:
45
Transportation
with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m:
134
with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
291
with unpaved runways under 914 m:
1,392
Communications
Telephone system:
24,400,000 telephones; 20,900,000 telephones in urban areas and 3,500,000
telephones in rural areas; of these, total installed in homes 15,400,000;
total pay phones for long distant calls 34,100; about 164 telephones/1,000
persons; Russia is enlisting foreign help, by means of joint ventures, to
speed up the modernization of its telecommunications system; in 1992, only
661,000 new telephones were installed compared with 855,000 in 1991, and in
1992 the number of unsatisfied applications for telephones reached
11,000,000; expanded access to international E-mail service available via
Sprint network; the inadequacy of Russian telecommunications is a severe
handicap to the economy, especially with respect to international
connections
local:
NMT-450 analog cellular telephone networks are operational and growing in
Moscow and St. Petersburg
intercity:
intercity fiberoptic cable installation remains limited
international:
international traffic is handled by an inadequate system of satellites, land
lines, microwave radio relay and outdated submarine cables; this traffic
passes through the international gateway switch in Moscow which carries most
of the international traffic for the other countries of the Commonwealth of
Independent States; a new Russian Raduga satellite will link Moscow and St.
Petersburg with Rome from whence calls will be relayed to destinations in
Europe and overseas; satellite earth stations - INTELSAT, Intersputnik,
Eutelsat (Moscow), INMARSAT, Orbita
Radio:
broadcast stations:
AM 1,050, FM 1,050, shortwave 1,050
radios:
48.8 million (radio receivers with multiple speaker systems for program
diffusion 74,300,000)
Television:
broadcast stations:
7,183
televisions:
54.2 million
Defense Forces
Branches:
Ground Forces, Navy, Air Forces, Air Defense Forces, Strategic Rocket Forces
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 38,264,699; males fit for military service 29,951,977; males
reach military age (18) annually 1,106,176 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures:
$NA, NA% of GDP
note:
the Intelligence Community estimates that defense spending in Russia fell
about 15% in real terms in 1994, reducing Russian defense outlays to about
one-fourth of peak Soviet levels in the late 1980s; although Russia may
still spend as much as 10% of its GDP on defense, this is significantly
below the 15% to 17% burden the former USSR carried during much of the
1980s; conversion of military expenditures into US dollars using the current
exchange rate could produce misleading results
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