Country	POLITICAL PRESSURE GROUPS AND LEADERS
Afghanistan	religious groups, tribal leaders, ethnically based groups, Taliban
Albania	Confederation of Trade Unions of Albania or KSSH [Kol NIKOLLAJ] Omonia [Leonidha PAPA] Union of Independent Trade Unions of Albania or BSPSH [Gezim KALAJA]
Algeria	Algerian League for the Defense of Human Rights or LADDH [Noureddine BENISSAD] SOS Disparus [Nacera DUTOUR] Youth Action Rally or RAJ
Angola	Angolan Revolutionary Movement or ARM Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda - Armed Forces of Cabinda or FLEC-FAC [Emmanuel NZITA] note: FLEC's small-scale armed struggle for the independence of Cabinda Province persists despite the signing of a peace accord with the government in August 2006; several factions of FLEC have broken off over the past 30 years, including the FLEC-PM [Rodrigues MINGAS], which was responsible for a deadly attack on the Togolese national soccer team in 2010
Antigua and Barbuda	Antigua Trades and Labor Union or ATLU [Wigley GEORGE] People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Hugh MARSHALL]
Argentina	Argentine Association of Pharmaceutical Labs or CILFA Argentine Industrial Union (manufacturers' association) Argentine Rural Confederation or CRA (small to medium landowners' association) Argentine Rural Society (large landowners' association) Blue and White CGT (dissident CGT labor confederation) Central of Argentine Workers or CTA (a union for employed and unemployed workers) General Confederation of Labor or CGT (Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization) Roman Catholic Church other: business organizations; Peronist-dominated labor movement; Piquetero groups (popular protest organizations that can be either pro- or anti-government); students
Armenia	Aylentrank (Impeachment Alliance) [Nikol PASHINIAN] Yerkrapah Union [Manvel GRIGORIAN]
Aruba	environmental groups
Australia	business groups, environmental groups, social groups, trade unions
Austria	Austrian Trade Union Federation or OeGB (nominally independent but primarily Social Democratic) Federal Agriculture Chamber (OeVP-dominated) Federal Economic Chamber (OeVP-dominated) Labor Chamber or AK (Social Democratic-leaning think tank) OeVP-oriented Association of Austrian Industrialists or IV Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay organization, Catholic Action other: 3 composite leagues of the Austrian People's Party or OeVP representing business, labor, farmers, and other nongovernment organizations in the areas of environment and human rights
Azerbaijan	D18 [Ruslan IZZETLI]] Ireli Public Union or Ireli PU [MirHasan SEYIDOV] National Council of Democratic Forces [Jamil HASANLI] N!DA Civic Movement [Turgut GAMBAR, Ulvi HASANLI] (youth movement) Republican Alternative or REAL [Ilgar MAMMADOV (in prison since 2013)]
Bahamas, The	Friends of the Environment [Wynsome FERGUSON] other: trade unions
Bahrain	none
Bangladesh	Ain o Salish Kendro (Centre for Law and Mediation) or ASK (legal aid and civil rights) Bangladesh Center for Worker Solidarity or BCWS Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee or BRAC [Sir Fasel Hasan ABED] Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry or FBCCI [Md. Shafiul Islam (Mohiuddin)] Ministry of Women's and Children's Affairs or MoWCA [Meher Afroze CHUMKI] (advocacy group to end gender-based violence) Odikhar [Dr. C.R. ABRAR (human rights group) other: associations of madrassa teachers; business associations, including those intended to promote international trade; development and advocacy NGOs associated with the Grameen Bank; environmentalists; Islamist groups; labor rights advocacy groups; NGOs focused on poverty alleviation, and international trade; religious leaders; tribal groups and advocacy organizations; union leaders
Barbados	Barbados Secondary Teachers' Union or BSTU [Mary REDMAN] Barbados Union of Teachers or BUT [Pedro SHEPHERD] Barbados Workers Union or BWU [Linda BROOKS] Clement Payne Labor Union [David COMISSIONG] Congress of Trade Unions and Staff Associations of Barbados or CTUSAB, (includes the BWU, NUPW, BUT, and BSTU) [Cedric MURRELL] National Union of Public Workers or NUPW [Akanni MCDOWALL]
Belarus	Assembly of Pro-Democratic NGOs [Sergey MATSKEVICH] (unregistered) Belarusian Association of Journalists [Andrei BASTUNETS] Belarusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions or BRDP [Aleksandr YAROSHUK] Belarusian Helsinki Committee or BHC [Aleh HULAK] For Freedom Movement [Yuri GUBAREVICH] Malady Front (Young Front) [Zmitser DASHKEVICH] (unregistered) Vyasna (Spring) human rights center [Ales BELYATSKIY] (unregistered) Perspektiva [Anatoliy SHUMCHENKO] (small business association) "Tell the Truth" Movement [Tatsiana KARATKEVICH] (unregistered) Women's Independent Democratic Movement [Ludmila PETINA]
Belgium	Belgian General Federation of Labor or ABVV or FGTB [Rudy DE LEEUW, Marc GOBLET] Confederation of Christan Trade Unions or ACV or CSC [Marc LEEMANS, Marie-Helene SKA] Federation of Enterprises in Belgium or VBO or FEB [Pieter TIMMERMANS, Bernard GILLIOT] other: numerous other associations representing bankers, manufacturers, middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical professions; trade unions; various organizations representing the cultural interests of Flanders and Wallonia; various peace groups such as BEPax and groups representing immigrants
Belize	National Trade Union Congress of Belize or NTUCB [Floyd NEAL]
Benin	economic groups; environmentalists; political groups; teachers' unions and other educational groups
Bermuda	Association of Bermuda Insurers and Reinsurers or ABIR [Bradley KADING] Association of Bermuda International Companies or ABIC [Patrick TANNOCK] Bermuda Employers' Council [Keith JENSEN] Bermuda Industrial Union or BIU [Chris FURBERT] Bermuda Public Services Union or BPSU [Kevin GRANT, Edward G. BALL, Jr.] Bermuda Union of Teachers [Michael CHARLES]
Bhutan	Druk National Congress or DNC [Gedun CHOEPHEL] (group in exile) United Front for Democracy or UFD (group in exile) United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship or UDD [Jatuporn PROMPAN, chairman] other: Buddhist clergy; ethnic Nepali-Bhutanese organizations (exiled)
Bolivia	Bolivian Workers Central or COB Central Bolivian Workers' Union or COB Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of Eastern Bolivia or CIDOB Federation of Neighborhood Councils of El Alto or FEJUVE-El Alto Landless Movement or MST National Confederation of Native Rural Indigenous Women of Bolivia or Bartolina Sisa National Coordination for Change or CONALCAM National Council of Ayullus and Markas of Quollasuyu or CONAMAQ Sole Confederation of Campesino Workers of Bolivia or CSUTCB [Jacinto HERRARA] other: Cocalero unions Interculturales union or CSCIB various federations of neighborhood councils or FEJUVEs (including the national organization)
Bosnia and Herzegovina	war veterans; displaced persons associations; family associations of missing persons; private media
Brazil	Landless Workers' Movement or MST [Joao Pedro STEDILE] other: industrial federations; labor unions and federations; large farmers' associations; religious groups including evangelical Christian churches and the Catholic Church
British Virgin Islands	Family Support Network or FSN Office of Gender Affairs or ODA (formerly Woman's Desk) other: environmentalists
Brunei	NA
Bulgaria	Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria or CITUB [Plamen DIMITROV] Podkrepa Labor Confederation [Dimitar MANOLOV] other: numerous regional, ethnic, and national interest groups with various agendas
Burkina Faso	Balai Citoyen [Guy Herve KAM] Burkinabe General Confederation of Labor or CGTB [Bassolma BAZIE] Burkinabe Movement for Human Rights or MBDHP [Chrysigone ZOUGMORE] Burkinabe Society for Constitutional Law or SBDC [Abdoulaye SOMA] Center for Democratic Governance or CGD [Thomas OUEDRAOGO] Coalition for African Renaissance or CAR [Herve OUATTARA] National Independent Union of Burkinabe Magistrates or SAMAB [Augustin LOADA] National Union for Health Workers or SYNTSHA National Union for Primary Education Teachers or SYNATEB other: watchdog/political action groups throughout the country
Burma	Thai border: Ethnic Nationalities Council or ENC Federation of Trade Unions-Burma or FTUB (exiled trade union and labor advocates) United Nationalities Federal Council or UNFC [NAI HONG SAR] inside Burma: Kachin Independence Organization or KIO [Gen. LANYAW ZAWNG HRA] Karen National Union or KNU [Gen. SAW MUTU SAY POE] Karenni National People's Party or KNPP [KHUN ABEL TWEED] United Wa State Army or UWSA [BAO YOU-XIANG] 88 Generation Students Group [collective leadership] (pro-democracy movement) several other Chin, Karen, Mon, and Shan factions note: many restrictions on freedom of expression have been relaxed by the government; a limited number of political groups, other than parties, are approved by the government
Burundi	Forum for the Strengthening of Civil Society or FORSC (civil society umbrella organization) [Vital NSHMIRIMANA]
Cabo Verde	other: environmentalists; political pressure groups
Cambodia	Partnership for Transparency Fund or PTF [John CLARK] (anti-corruption organization) Students Movement for Democracy The Committee for Free and Fair Elections or Comfrel [Koul PANHA] other: human rights organizations; labor unions; youth groups
Cameroon	Network of Human Rights Defenders in Central Africa or REDHAC [Maximilliene Ngo MBE] Tribunal 53 Articles [Patrice NGANANG]
Canada	other: agricultural sector; automobile industry; business groups; chemical industry; commercial banks; communications sector; energy industry; environmentalists; First Nations organizations; public administration groups; steel industry; trade unions
Cayman Islands	Coalition for Cayman or C4C People's National Alliance or PNA National Trust other: environmentalists
Chad	NA
Chile	Roman Catholic Church, particularly conservative groups such as Opus Dei United Labor Central or CUT (includes trade unionists from the country's 5 largest labor confederations) other: university student federations at all major universities
China	no substantial political opposition groups exist
Christmas Island	none
Cocos (Keeling) Islands	The Cocos Islands Youth Support Centre
Colombia	Central Union of Workers or CUT Colombian Confederation of Workers or CTC General Confederation of Workers or CGT National Liberation Army or ELN
Comoros	Federation Comorienne des Consommateurs or FCC [Mohamed Said Abdallah MCHANGAMA] Mouvement des Entreprises comorienne or MODEC [Faharate HOUSSEIN] Union des Chambres de Commerce et de l'Industrie et de l'Agriculture or UCCIA [Ahmed Ali BAZI] Confederation des Travailleurs Comoriens or CTC [Salim SOULAIMANA] other: environmentalists
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Allied Democratic Forces or ADF (anti-Ugandan Government rebel groups] Army of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo) or FARDC Forces Democratiques de Liberation du Rwanda or FDLR (Rwandan militia group made up of some of the perpetrators of Rwanda's genocide in 1994) Le Rassemblement (established in 2016 as a coalition of members from several political parties)
Congo, Republic of the	Congolese Trade Union Confereration or CSC General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students or UGEEC Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women or URFC Congolese Socialist Youth Union or UJSC
Cook Islands	Political Reform Conference (lobby for political system changes) other: various political change lobbyist groups
Costa Rica	Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers or CATD (Communist Party affiliate) National Chamber of Coffee Growers Confederated Union of Workers or CUT (Communist Party affiliate) Confederation of Workers Rerum Novarum or CTRN (National Libertion Party affiliate) Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers or CCTD (National Libertion Party affiliate) Costa Rican Exporter's Chamber or CADEXCO Costa Rican Solidarity Movement Costa Rican Union of Private Sector Enterprises or UCCAEP Federation of Public Service Workers or FTSP National Association for Economic Development or ANFE National Association of Educators or ANDE National Association of Public and Private Employees or ANEP
Cote d'Ivoire	Federation of University and High School Students of Cote d'Ivoire or FESCI [Fulgene ASSI] National Congress for the Resistance and Democracy or CNRD [Bernard DADIE] Panafrican Congress for Justice and Peoples Equality or COJEP [Roselin BLY]
Croatia	human rights groups
Cuba	Cuban Commission for Human Rights and National Reconciliation (CCDHRN) Ladies in White (Damas de Blanco) Patriotic Union of Cuba or UNPACU other: political dissidents and bloggers
Cyprus	Confederation of Cypriot Workers or SEK [Andreas MATSAS] (pro-West) Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation or PEO [Pambis KYRITSIS] (communist-controlled) area administered by Turkish Cypriots: Federation of Revolutionary Labor Unions or Dev-Is Federation of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions or Turk-Sen [Arslan BICAKLI]
Czechia	Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions or CMKOS [Josef STREDULA]
Denmark	Confederation of Danish Employers or DA [Jacob HOLBRAAD] Confederation of Danish Industries or DI [Karsten DYBVAD] Confederation of Danish Labor Unions or LO [Lizette RISGAARD] DaneAge Association [Bjarne HASTRUP] Danish Shipowners' Association [Anne STEFFENSEN] Danish Bankers Association [Ulrik NODGAARD] Danish Society for Nature Conservation or DN [Ella Maria BISSCHOP-LARSEN] other: environmental groups; humanitarian relief; development assistance; human rights NGOs
Dominica	Dominica Trade Union [Harold SEALY] Dominca Public Service Union [Mervin ANTHONY]
Dominican Republic	Citizen Participation Group (Participacion Ciudadania) Collective of Popular Organizations or COP Foundation for Institution-Building and Justice or FINJUS
Ecuador	Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador or CONAIE [Humberto CHOLANGO] Federation of Indigenous Evangelists of Ecuador or FEINE [Manuel CHUGCHILAN] National Federation of Indigenous Afro-Ecuatorianos and Peasants or FENOCIN
Egypt	labor unions student unions teacher unions
El Salvador	labor organizations: Electrical Industry Union of El Salvador or SIES Federation of the Construction Industry, Similar Transport, and other activities or FESINCONTRANS National Confederation of Salvadoran Workers or CNTS National Trade Union Federation of Salvadoran Workers or FENASTRAS National Union of Salvadoran Workers or UNTS Port Industry Union of El Salvador or SIPES Salvadoran Workers Central or CTS Union of Judiciary Workers or SITTOJ Union of Workers of the Ministry of the Treasury or SITRAMI Workers Union of Electrical Corporation or STCEL business organizations: American Chamber of Commerce in El Salvador National Association of Private Enterprise or ANEP Salvadoran Chamber of Commerce or SACOC Salvadoran Chamber of the Construction Industry or CASALCO Salvadoran Industrial Association or ASI
Equatorial Guinea	ASODEGUE (Madrid-based pressure group for democratic reform) Coalicion CEIBA (group formed by diverse, exiled political parties) C.O.R.E.D. [Raimundo Ela NSANG] (based in Paris) EG Justice (US-based anti-corruption group)
Eritrea	Democratic Movement for the Liberation of Eritrean Kunama or DMLEK Eritrean Democratic Alliance or EDA Eritrean Islamic Party for Justice and Development or EIPJD (includes the Eritrean Islamic Jihad (EIJ), Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement (EIJM), Eritrean Islamic Salvation, and the Eritrean Islamic Foundation) Eritrean National Congress for Democratic Change or ENCDC Eritrean National Salvation Front or ENSF Eritrean People's Democratic Party or EPDP Red Sea Afar Democratic Organization or RSADO
Ethiopia	Ginbot 7 Movement Ogaden National Liberation Front or ONLF Oromo Liberation Front or OLF [DAOUD Ibsa]
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)	Falkland Islands Association (supports freedom of the people from external causes)
Faroe Islands	conservationists
Fiji	Group Against Racial Discrimination or GARD [Dr. Anirudk SINGH] (suports restoration of a democratic government) Viti Landowners Association
France	French Confederation of Management - General Confederation of Executives) or CFE-CGC (Confederation francaise de l'encadrement - Confederation generale des cadres) [Francois HOMMERIL] (independent white-collar union with 140,000 members) French Democratic Confederation of Labor or CFDT (Confederation Francaise Democratique du Travail) [Laurent BERGER] (left-leaning labor union with approximately 875,000 members) French Confederation of Christian Workers or CFTC (Confederation francaise des travailleurs chretiens) [Philippe LOUIS] (independent labor union founded by Catholic workers that claims 142,000 members) General Confederation of Labor or CGT (Confederation generale du travail) [Philippe MARTINEZ] (historically communist labor union with approximately 710,000 members) General Confederation of Labor - Worker's Force) or FO (Confederation generale du travail - Force ouvriere) [Jean-Claude MAILLY] (independent labor union with an estimated 300,000 members) Mouvement des entreprises de France or MEDEF [Pierre GATTAZ] (employers' union with claimed 750,000 companies as members) French Guiana: conservationists; gold mining pressure groups; hunting pressure groups Guadeloupe: Christian Movement for the Liberation of Guadeloupe or KLPG General Federation of Guadeloupe Workers or CGT-G General Union of Guadeloupe Workers or UGTG Movement for an Independent Guadeloupe or MPGI The Socialist Renewal Movement Martinique: Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance or ARC Central Union for Martinique Workers or CSTM Frantz Fanon Circle League of Workers and Peasants Proletarian Action Group or GAP Reunion: NA
Gabon	Gabones Trade Union Confederation or GOSYGA [Martin ALLINI] (affiliated with the International Union Confederation) National Convention of Trade Unions in the education sector or CONASYSED (banned by the governemnt in early 2017)
Gambia, The	The Association of Non-Governmental Organizations or TANGO Female Lawyers Association of Gambia or FLAG Gambia Committee on Traditional Practices or GAMCOTRAP Gambia Press Union or GPU West African Peace Building Network-Gambian Chapter or WANEB-GAMBIA Youth Employment Network Gambia or YENGambia other: special needs group advocates; teachers and principals
Georgia	other: separatists in the Russian-occupied regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia
Germany	business associations and employers' organizations trade unions; religious, immigrant, expellee, and veterans groups
Ghana	public policy think tanks: Institute for Democratic Governance (IDEG); IMANI Center for Policy and Education; Ghana Center for Democratic Development; Institute for Economic Affairs professional and trade groups: Ghana Bar Association; Ghana Trades Union Congress; American Chamber of Commerce; British Chamber of Commerce; and a host of religious organizations other: wide range of international and domestic human rights and policy advocacy groups, environmental groups, business organizations, traditional leaders and youth groups
Gibraltar	Chamber of Commerce Gibraltar Representatives Organization Women's Association
Greece	Supreme Administration of Civil Servants Unions or ADEDY [Spyros PAPASPYROS] Federation of Greek Industries or SEV [Theodore FESSAS] General Confederation of Greek Workers or GSEE [Ioannis PANAGOPOULOS]
Greenland	conservationists; environmentalists; independence activists
Grenada	Committee for Human Rights in Grenada or CHRG New Jewel Movement Support Group The British Grenada Friendship Society The New Jewel 19 Committee
Guam	Guam Commission on Decolonization Guam Federation of Teachers' Union Guam Waterworks Authority Workers We Are Guahan
Guatemala	Alliance Against Impunity or AI (includes Center for Legal Action on Human Rights or CALDH, Family and Friends of the Disappeared of Guatemala or FAMDEGUA) Civic and Political Convergence of Women Committee for Campesino Unity or CUC Coordinating Committee of Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial, and Financial Associations or CACIF Foundation for the Development of Guatemala or FUNDESA Guatemala Visible Mutual Support Group or GAM Movimiento PRO-Justicia National Union of Agriculture Workers or UNAGRO
Guernsey	Stop Traffic Endangering Pedestrian Safety or STEPS
Guinea-Bissau	Chamber of Commerce of Agriculture, Industry, and Services [Braima CAMARA]
Guinea	National Confederation of Guinean Workers-Labor Union of Guinean Workers or CNTG-USTG Alliance Syndicate of Guinean Teachers and Researchers or SLECG
Guyana	Amerindian People's Association Guyana Bar Association Guyana Citizens Initiative Guyana Human Rights Association Guyana Public Service Union or GPSU Guyana Trans United Private Sector Commission Society Against Sexual Orientation Discrimination or SASOD Trades Union Congress
Haiti	Haitian Self-Employed Workers Union or CATH [Fignole ST-CYR] Confederation of Haitian Workers or CTH Private Sector Economic Forum or PSEF [Reginald BOULOS] Federation of Workers Trade Unions or FOS General Organization of Independent Haitian Workers or OGITH [Patrick NUMAS] Grand-Anse Resistance Committee or KOREGA Haitian Association of Industries or ADIH [Georges SASSINE] National Popular Assembly or APN Papaye Peasants Movement or MPP [Chavannes JEAN-BAPTISTE] Popular Organizations Gathering Power or PROP Protestant Federation of Haiti Roman Catholic Church
Holy See (Vatican City)	none (exclusive of influence exercised by church officers)
Honduras	Beverage and Related Industries Syndicate or STIBYS Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in Honduras or CODEH Committee of the Relatives of the Disappeared in Honduras or COFADEH Confederation of Honduran Workers or CTH Coordinating Committee of Popular Organizations or CCOP General Workers Confederation or CGT Honduran Council of Private Enterprise or COHEP National Association of Honduran Campesinos or ANACH National Union of Campesinos or UNC Popular Bloc or BP United Confederation of Honduran Workers or CUTH United Farm Workers' Movement of the Aguan OR MUCA
Hong Kong	Chinese General Chamber of Commerce (pro-China) Chinese Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong Civic Act-up (pro-democracy) Federation of Hong Kong Industries Hong Kong Alliance in Support of the Patriotic Democratic Movement in China [Albert HO] (pro-China) Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Union Council or HKTUC (pro-democracy) Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce or HKGCC Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union or HKPTU [FUNG Wai-wah]
Hungary	Civil Osszefogas Forum ("Civil Unity Forum," nominally independent organization that serves as the steering committee for the pro-government mass organization Bekemenet (Peace March), supporting ORBAN government's policies) Hungarian Civil Liberties Union (Tarsasag a Szabadsagjogokert) or TASZ (freedom of expression, information privacy) Hungarian Helsinki Committee (asylum seekers' rights, human rights in law enforcement and the judicial system) MigSzol (Migrant Solidarity Group of Hungary) (independent advocacy group on migration crisis) MostMi ("Now Us") [Bori TAKACS](Facebook group that was a major participant at anti-government demonstrations in late 2014-early 2015; pro-Europe, anti-establishment movement that blames Fidesz for the state of the country but also blames all established political parties for perceived political and economic failures since the fall of communism) Okotars (empowerment of civil society in Hungary) other: Energy Club (Energia Klub) Greenpeace Hungary (Greenpeace Magyarorszag)
India	All Parties Hurriyat Conference in the Kashmir Valley (separatist group) Bajrang Dal (militant religious organization) Jamiat Ulema-e Hind [Mahmood MADANI] (religious organization) Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh or RSS [Mohan BHAGWAT] (nationalist organization) Vishwa Hindu Parishad [Pravin TOGADIA] (militant religious organization) other: hundreds of social reform, anti-corruption, and environmental groups at state and local level; numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations; various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy
Indonesia	Commission for the "Disappeared" and Victims of Violence or KontraS Indonesia Corruption Watch or ICW Indonesian Forum for the Environment or WALHI
Iran	political groups that support the Islamic Republic: Ansar-e Hizballah Democracy Party (Hezb-e Mardom Salari) Executives of Construction Party (Kargozaran) Followers of the Guardianship of the Jurisprudent (Rahrovan) Followers of the Line of the Imam and the Leader (Peyrovan) Islamic Iran Freedom Party (Hezb-e Azadegi) Islamic Coalition Party (Motalefeh) Islamic Labor Party (Hezb-e Kar) Militant Clerics Society or MCS (Ruhaniyun) Moderation and Development Party (Hezb-e Etedal va Tose-eh) Nation of Iran Unity Party (Hezb-e Etehad) National Trust Party (Hezb-e Etemad-e Meli) Qom Theological Lecturers Association Reform Front Coordination Council (Shora-ye Hamahangi Eslahat) Society of Devotees (Isargaran) Society of Modern Thinking Muslim Women of Iran (Jamiat-e Zanan-e Noandish) Steadfastness Front (Paydari) Tehran Militant Clergy Association or MCA (Ruhaniyat) Voice of Iranians (Neda) Wayfarers of the Islamic Revolution (Rahpuyan); armed political groups repressed by the government: Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan or KDPI Harekat-e Ansar-e Iran (splinter faction of Jundallah) Jaysh l-Adl (formerly known as Jundallah) Komala Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization or MEK (MKO) People's Fedayeen People's Free Life Party of Kurdistan or PJAK
Iraq	Sunni militias; Shia militias, some associated with political parties
Ireland	Continuity IRA (terrorist group) Families Acting for Innocent Relatives or FAIR [Brian MCCONNELL] (seek compensation for victims of violence) Iona Institute [David QUINN] (a conservative Catholic think tank) Irish Anti-War Movement [Richard BOYD BARRETT] (campaigns against wars around the world) Keep Ireland Open (environmental group) Oglaigh na hEireann (terrorist group) Midland Railway Action Group or MRAG [Willie ALLEN] (transportation promoters) New Irish Republican Army (terrorist group combining elements of the former Real IRA and Republican Action Against Drugs) Peace and Neutrality Alliance or PANA [Roger COLE] (campaigns to protect Irish neutrality) Rail Users Ireland (formerly the Platform 11 - transportation promoters) 32 Country Sovereignty Movement or 32CSM (supports unifying Northern Ireland with the rest of the island under Irish government sovereignty)
Isle of Man	Alliance for Progressive Government or APG (a government watchdog)
Israel	Breaking the Silence or BtS [Yehuda SHAUL] collects testimonies from soldiers who served in the West Bank and Gaza Strip B'Tselem [Hagai EL-AD] (monitors human rights abuses) Peace Now [Yariv OPPENHEIMER] (supports territorial concessions in the West Bank and Gaza Strip) YESHA Council [Avi ROEHD] (promotes settler interests and opposes territorial compromise)
Italy	manufacturers and merchants associations: Confcommercio Confindustria organized farm groups: Confcoltivatori Confagricoltura major trade union confederations: Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro or CGIL [Susanna CAMUSSO] (left wing) Confederazione Italiana dei Sindacati Lavoratori or CISL [Raffaele BONANNI] (Roman Catholic centrist) Unione Italiana del Lavoro or UIL [Luigi ANGELETTI] (lay centrist) other: Roman Catholic Church
Jamaica	New Beginnings Movement or NBM Rastafarians
Japan	other: business groups; trade unions
Jersey	Institute of Directors, Jersey branch (provides business support) Jersey Hospitality Association or JHa [FIONA KERLEY] (trade association) Jersey Rights Association [David ROTHERHAM] (human rights) La Societe Jersiaise (education and conservation group) Progress Jersey [Daren O'TOOLE, Gino RISOLI] (human rights) Royal Jersey Agriculture and Horticultural Society or RJA&HS (development and management of the Jersey breed of cattle) Save Jersey's Heritage (protects heritage through building preservation)
Jordan	15 April Movement [Mohammad SUNEID] 24 March Movement [Mu'az al-KHAWALIDAH, Abdel Rahman HASANEIN] 1952 Constitution Movement Anti-Normalization Committee [Saleh al-ARMOUTI] Economic and Social Association of Retired Servicemen and Veterans or ESARSV [Abdulsalam al-HASSANAT] Group of 36 Higher Coordination Committee of Opposition Parties [Said DIAB] Higher National Committee for Military Retirees or HNCMR [Ali al-HABASHNEH] Hirak Jordan Bar Association [Samir KHIRFAN] Jordanian Campaign for Change or Jayin Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood [Dr. Hamam SAID] Jordanian Press Association [Sayf al-SHARIF] National Front for Reform or NFR [Ahmad OBEIDAT] Popular Gathering for Reform Professional Associations Council [Abd al-Hadi al-FALAHAT] Sons of Jordan
Kazakhstan	Adil-Soz [Tamara KALEYEVA] Chairman of Bureau's Council [Roza AKYLBEKOVA] Foundation for Support of Civil Initiatives [Nurul RAKHIMBEK] International Legal Initiative [Aina SHORMANBAYEVA] Kazakhstan International Bureau on Human Rights and Rule of Law or KIBHR [Rosa AKYLBEKOVA] Legal Media Centre (sometimes known as the North Kazakhstan Legal Media Centre) [Diana OKREMOVA] Public Foundation for Parliamentary Development [Zauresh BATTALOVA] Republican Network of International Monitors or RNIM [Daniyar LIVAZOV] Transparency International [Natalya KOVALEVA]
Kenya	African Center for Open Governance or AfriCOG [Gladwell OTIENO] Anglican Church of Kenya [Archbishop Jackson Nasoore Ole SAPIT] Council of Imams and Preachers of Kenya or CIPK [Sheikh Mohammed KHALIFA] Federation of Women Lawyers in Kenya Kenya Association of Manufacturers Kenya Human Rights Commission or KHRC [George KEGORO] Kenya Private Sector Alliance Kenyans for Peace with Truth and Justice (umbrella group of more than 30 NGOs) Muslim Human Rights Forum [Ali-Amin KIMATHI] National Muslim Leaders Forum or NAMLEF [Abdullahi ABDI] Protestant National Council of Churches of Kenya or NCCK [Canon Peter Karanja MWANGI] Roman Catholic Church [Cardinal John NJUE] Supreme Council of Kenya Muslims or SUPKEM [Adan WACHU] other: labor unions, other Christian churches
Korea, North	none
Korea, South	Christian Council of Korea Citizen's Coalition for Economic Justice Federation of Korean Trade Unions Korea Women's Association United Korea Women's Hotline Korean Confederation of Trade Unions Korean Veterans' Association Lawyers for a Democratic Society National Council of Churches in Korea People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy
Kosovo	CiviKos Platform [Valdete IDRIZI] Council for the Defense of Human Rights and Freedom or CDHRF [Behxhet SHALA] Group for Political and Legal Studies or GLPS [Fisnik KORENICA] KLA War Veterans Organization [Muharrem XHEMAJLI] Kosova Women's Network or KWN [Igballe ROGOVA] Kosovar Civil Society Foundation or KCFS [Venera HAJRULLAHU] Kosovo Democratic Institute or KDI [Ismet KRYEZIU] Organization for Democracy, Anti-Corruption and Dignity Rise! or COHU [Arton DEMHASAJ] Serb National Council (SNV) Speak Up or FOL [Petrit ZOGAJ] (think tank)
Kuwait	Islamists; merchants; political groups; secular liberals and pro-governmental deputies; Shia activists; tribal groups
Kyrgyzstan	Adilet (Justice) Legal Clinic [Cholpon JAKUPOVA] Bir Duino [Tolekan ISMAILOVA] (formerly Citizens Against Corruption) Coalition for Democracy and Civil Society [Azamat ADILOV] Kylym Shamy (Torch of the Century) [Aziza ABDIRASULOVA] (human rights) Precedent Partnership Group [Nurbek TOKTAKUNOV] Societal Analysis Public Association [Rita KARASARTOVA]
Laos	International Labor Organization
Latvia	Latvian Employers' Confederation or LDDK [Vitalijs GAVRILOVS] Farmers' Parliament or ZSA [Juris LAZDINS] Free Trade Union Confederation of Latvia or LBAS [Egils BALDZENS]
Lebanon	Grand Mufti of Lebanon [Sheikh Abdul Latif DERIAN] Maronite Church [Patriarch Moran Mor Bechora Boutros al-RAHI] note: most sects retain militias and a number of Sunni militant groups operate in Palestinian refugee camps
Lesotho	Media Institute of Southern Africa or MISA, Lesotho chapter [Tsebo MATŠASA] (media freedom advocates)
Liberia	Liberian Federation of Labor Unions or LFLU [Aloysius KIE] MCSS Teachers Association National Health Workers Association of Liberia National Teachers Association of Liberia or NTAL [Mary MULBAH] other: demobilized former military officers
Libya	NA
Luxembourg	Business Federation Luxembourg or FEDIL [Nicolas BUCK] Centrale Paysanne [Marc FISCH] (federation of agricultural producers) Chamber of Artisans (Chambre des Metiers) [Tom OBERWEIS] Chamber of Commerce (Chambre de Commerce) [Carlo THELEN] Chambre des Salaries or CSL [Jean-Claude REDING] General Association of Officials (Confederation Generale de la Fonction Publique or CGFP) [Romain WOLFF] (trade union representing civil service) Greenpeace [Raymond AENDEKERK] Luxembourg Confederation of Christian Trade Unions or LCGB [Patrick DURY] (center-right trade union) Luxembourg Association of Bankers and Insurance Employees or ALEBA [Roberto SCOLATI] Luxembourg Bankers Association or ABBL [Yves MAAS] Mouvement Ecologique [Blanche WEBER] (environmental protection) Confederation of Independent Trade Unions or OGB-L [Andre ROELTGEN] (center-left trade union)
Macau	Bar-Bending Workers' Association [WONG Wai-Man] Democratic Action [LEE Kin-yun] Macau New Chinese Youth Association (Associacao de Nova Juventude Chinesa de Macau) or ANJCM [LEONG Sin-man] Macau Workers' Union [HO Heng-kuok] New Macau Association [Antonio NG Kuok-cheong] Workers' Self-Help Union [CHEONG Weng-fat]
Macedonia	Confederation of Free Trade Unions or KSS [Blagoja RALPOVSKI] Federation of Trade Unions of Macedonia or SSM [Zivko MITREVSKI] Trade Union of Education, Science and Culture or SONK [Jakim NEDELKOV] Student Plenum Eco Guerilla [Arianit XHAFERI]
Madagascar	Committee for the Defense of Truth and Justice or KMMR Committee for National Reconciliation or CRN National Council of Christian Churches or FFKM
Malawi	Council for NGOs in Malawi or CONGOMA (human rights, democracy, development) Human Rights Consultative Committee or HRCC (human rights) Malawi Economic Justice Network or MEJN (pro-economic growth, development, government accountability) Malawi Law Society (an umbrella organization of all lawyers in Malawi) Public Affairs Committee or PAC (promotes democracy, development, peace, unity)
Malaysia	Bar Council BERSIH (electoral reform coalition) ISMA (Muslim NGO) PERKASA (defense of Malay rights) other: religious groups; women's groups; youth groups
Maldives	other: various unregistered political parties
Mali	Malian Company for Textile Development or CMDT Malian Defence Force other: Islamic authorities
Malta	Alliance of Liberal Democrats Malta (Alleanza Liberali-Demokratika Malta) or ALDM (for divorce, abortion, gay marriage, women's rights) Alliance for Change (Alleanza Bidla) (Euro-skeptic) Together for a Better Environment (Flimkien Ghal-Ambjent Ahjar) or FAA other: environmental groups
Marshall Islands	NA
Mauritania	Association of Women Heads of Household [Aminetou Mint ElMOCTAR] General Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CGTM [Abdallahi Ould MOHAMED] Independent Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CLTM and El Hor [Samory Ould BEYE] (civil society organization, anti-slavery) Initiative for Resurgent Abolitionist Movement or IRA-Mauritania [Biram Dah ABEID] (US-based, anti-slavery group) Mauritanian Human Rights Association or AMDH [Fatimata M'BAYE] Mauritanian Workers Union or UTM [Mohamed Ely Ould BRAHIM] National Forum for Democracy and Unity [Mohamed Jamil Ould MANSOUR] SOS-Esclaves [Boubacar Ould MESSAOUD] (anti-slavery) other: Arab nationalists; Ba'athists; Islamists; Nasserists
Mauritius	Lalit Political Party Resistance and Alternative (Rezistans ek Alternativ) Say No to Coal! other: various labor unions
Mexico	Businessmen's Coordinating Council or CCE Confederation of Employers of the Mexican Republic or COPARMEX Confederation of Industrial Chambers or CONCAMIN Confederation of Mexican Workers or CTM Confederation of National Chambers of Commerce or CONCANACO Coordinator for Foreign Trade Business Organizations or COECE Federation of Unions Providing Goods and Services or FESEBES National Chamber of Transformation Industries or CANACINTRA National Confederation of Popular Organizations or CNOP National Coordinator for Education Workers or CNTE National Peasant Confederation or CNC National Small Business Chamber or CANACOPE National Syndicate of Education Workers or SNTE National Union of Workers or UNT Popular Assembly of the People of Oaxaca or APPO Roman Catholic Church
Micronesia, Federated States of	NA
Moldova	NA
Monaco	NA
Mongolia	human rights groups; women's rights groups; disability rights groups
Montenegro	NA
Montserrat	NA
Morocco	Democratic Confederation of Labor or CDT [Noubir EL AMAOUI] General Union of Moroccan Workers or UGTM [Mohamed KAFI CHERRAT] Justice and Charity Organization or JCO [Mohammed ben Abdesslam ABBADI] Moroccan Employers Association or CGEM [Miriem BENSALAH-CHAQROUN] National Labor Union of Morocco or UNMT [Abdessalam MAATI] Union of Moroccan Workers or UMT [Miloudi EL MOUKHARIK]
Mozambique	Mozambican League of Human Rights (Liga Mocambicana dos Direitos Humanos) or LDH [Alice MABOTA, president] Youth Parliament (Parlamento Juvenil) [Salomao MUCHANGA]
Namibia	National Society for Human Rights or NAMRIGHTS other: labor unions
Nauru	Woman Information and News Agency (women's issues)
Nepal	National Federation of Indigenous Nationalities Tharu Kalyankari Sabha (Tharus rights advocacy group)
Netherlands	Christian Trade Union Federation or CNV [Maurice LIMMEN] Confederation of Netherlands Industry and Employers or VNO-NCW [Hans DE BOER] Federation for Small and Medium-sized Businesses or MKB [Michael VAN STRAALEN] Netherlands Trade Union Federation or FNV [Han BUSKER] Social Economic Council or SER [Mariette HAMER] Trade Union Professionals or VDP [Nic VAN HOLSTEIN]
New Caledonia	NA
New Zealand	Women's Electoral Lobby or WEL other: apartheid groups; civil rights groups; farmers groups; Maori; nuclear weapons groups; women's rights groups
Nicaragua	National Workers Front or FNT (a Sandinista umbrella group - includes Farm Workers Association or ATC, Health Workers Federation or FETASALUD, Heroes and Martyrs Confederation of Professional Associations or CONAPRO, National Association of Educators of Nicaragua or ANDEN, National Union of Employees or UNE, National Union of Farmers and Ranchers or UNAG, Sandinista Workers Central or CST, and Union of Journalists of Nicaragua or UPN) Nicaraguan Workers' Central or CTN (independent labor union) Permanent Congress of Workers or CPT (umbrella group of non-Sandinista labor unions - includes Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers Central or CTN-A, Confederation of Labor Unification or CUS, Independent General Confederation of Labor or CGT-I, Labor Action and Unity Central or CAUS) Superior Council of Private Enterprise or COSEP (a confederation of business groups)
Nigeria	Academic Staff Union for Universities or ASUU Campaign for Democracy or CD Civil Liberties Organization or CLO Committee for the Defense of Human Rights or CDHR Constitutional Right Project or CRP Human Right Africa National Association of Democratic Lawyers or NADL National Association of Nigerian Students or NANS Nigerian Bar Association or NBA Nigerian Labor Congress or NLC Nigerian Medical Association or NMA Universal Defenders of Democracy or UDD other: media
Niue	NA
Norfolk Island	none
Northern Mariana Islands	NA
Norway	Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise or NHO [Tore ULSTEIN, Kristin SKOGEN LUND] Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions or LO [Hans-Christian GABRIELSEN] other: environmental groups; media; digital privacy movements
Oman	none
Pakistan	Pakistan Ulema Council or PUC other: military; landowners; industrialists; small merchants
Palau	NA
Panama	Chamber of Commerce Concertacion Nacional (mechanism for Government of Panama to formally communicate with representatives of civil society) National Council of Organized Workers or CONATO National Council of Private Enterprise or CONEP National Union of Construction and Similar Workers or SUNTRACS Panamanian Association of Business Executives or APEDE Panamanian Industrialists Society or SIP Workers Confederation of the Republic of Panama or CTRP
Papua New Guinea	Centre for Environment Law and Community Rights or Celcor [Damien ASE] Community Coalition Against Corruption National Council of Women Transparency International Papau New Guinea or TIPNG (chapter of Transparency International)
Paraguay	Ahorristas Estafados or AE National Coordinating Board of Campesino Organizations or MCNOC [Luis AGUAYO] National Federation of Campesinos or FNC [Marcial GOMEZ] National Workers Central or CNT [Secretary General Juan TORALES] Paraguayan Workers Confederation or CPT Roman Catholic Church Unitary Workers Central or CUT [Jorge Guzman ALVARENGA Malgarejo]
Peru	General Workers Confederation of Peru (Confederacion General de Trabajadores del Peru) or CGTP [Geronimo LOPEZ] Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) or SL [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso - imprisoned), Jorge and Victor QUISPE Palomino - indicted in US] (communist guerrilla group)
Philippines	Black and White Movement or BWM [Vicente ROMANO] People Action (Kilosbayan)
Pitcairn Islands	none
Poland	All Poland Trade Union Alliance or OPZZ [Jan GUZ] (trade union) Independent Self-Governing Trade Union or Solidarity [Piotr DUDA] Roman Catholic Church [Archbishop Wojciech POLAK, Archbishop Stanislaw GADECKI]
Portugal	Armed Forces Officers' Association or AOFA [Lt. Col. Antonio Costa MOTA] General Workers Union or UGT [Carlos SILVA] General Confederation of Portuguesse Workers or CGTP-IN [Armenio CARLOS] TugaLeaks (a website that has become a mouthpiece for publicizing diverse protest action) other: media; labor unions
Puerto Rico	Boricua Popular Army or EPB (a revolutionary group also known as Los Macheteros)
Qatar	none
Romania	various human rights and professional associations
Russia	Committees of Soldiers' Mothers Confederation of Labor of Russia or KTR Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia Golos Association in Defense of Voters' Rights Memorial Movement Against Illegal Migration Russkiye Solidarnost The World Russian People's Congress Union of Russian Writers other: business associations; environmental organizations; religious groups (especially those with Orthodox or Muslim affiliation); veterans groups
Rwanda	IBUKA (association of genocide survivors)
Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha	private sector; unions
Saint Kitts and Nevis	NA
Saint Lucia	NA
Saint Martin	NA
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	NA
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	St. Vincent & the Grenadines Teachers' Union [Oswald CHAMBERS] other: several labor unions
Samoa	Samoa Workers Congress or SWC [Gatoloa'i AFAMASAGA]
San Marino	NA
Sao Tome and Principe	Association of Sao Tome and Principe NGOs or FONG other: media
Saudi Arabia	other: gas companies; religious groups
Senegal	Catholic clergy; labor; religious groups; students; Sufi brotherhoods, including the Mourides and Tidjanes; teachers
Serbia	Independent Association of Journalists of Serbia or NUNS Journalists Association of Serbia (Udruzenje novinara Srbije) or UNS Obraz (Orthodox clero-fascist organization) SNP 1389 (Serbian nationalist movement) SNP NASI 1389 (Serbian National Movement NASI) Eastern Alternative (pro-Russian association)
Sierra Leone	student unions; trade unions
Singapore	none
Slovakia	Alliance of Companies Employing 500 or More Employees or Klub500 Association of Towns and Villages or ZMOS Confederation of Trade Unions or KOZ Entrepreneurs Association of Slovakia or ZPS Federation of Employers' Associations of the Slovak Republic or AZZZ Medical Trade Association or LOZ National Union of Employers or RUZ Slovak Chamber of Commerce and Industry or SOPK The Business Alliance of Slovakia or PAS
Slovenia	Roman Catholic Church other: various trade and public sector employee unions
Solomon Islands	Isatabu Freedom Movement or IFM Malaita Eagle Force or MEF note: these rival armed ethnic factions crippled the Solomon Islands in a wave of violence from 1999 to 2003
Somalia	numerous political associations and clan and sub-clan factions exist in support of and against political leaders from clans, Federal Member State presidents, and others, including the former and current presidents
South Africa	Congress of South African Trade Unions or COSATU [Sdumo DLAMINI] South African Communist Party or SACP [Blade NZIMANDE] South African National Civic Organization or SANCO [Richard MDAKANE] note: COSATU and SACP are in a formal alliance with the African National Congress
Spain	Association for Victims of Terrorism or AVT (grassroots organization devoted primarily to supporting victims of the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) terrorist organization) Roman Catholic Church Socialist General Union of Workers or UGT (includes the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union or USO) Trade Union Confederation of Workers' Commissions or CC.OO. Spanish Confederation of Employers' Organizations or CEOE other: business and landowning interests; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977); university students
Sri Lanka	Buddhist clergy Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups diaspora groups other: labor unions; hardline nationalist Sinhalese groups, such as the National Movement Against Terrorism
Sudan	Darfur rebel groups including the Justice and Equality Movement or JEM [Gibril Fidail IBRAHIM], Sudan Liberation Movement or SLM-AW [Abdel Wahid al-NUR, various factional leaders], Sudan Liberation Movement or SLM-MM [Minni Arkou MINAWI] National Consensus Front or NCF [Farouq ABU ISSA] Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North or SPLM-N [Yasir ARMAN]
Suriname	Association of Indigenous Village Chiefs [Lesley ARTIST] Association of Saramaccan Authorities or Maroons [Stiefen PETRUSI] Women's Parliament Forum or WPF (Vrouwen Parlement Forum or VPF) [Iris GILLIAD]
Svalbard	NA
Swaziland	Swaziland United Democratic Front or SUDF Trade Union Congress of Swaziland or TUCOSWA Swaziland Solidarity Network or SSN
Sweden	Confederation of Swedish Enterprise (Svenskt Naringsliv) [Carola LEMNE] Swedish Confederation of Professional Associations or SACO [Goran ARRIUS] Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees or TCO [Eva NORDMARK] Swedish Trade Union Confederation (Landsorganisationen) or LO [Karl-Petter THORWALDSSON] other: environmental groups; media
Switzerland	NA
Syria	Free Syrian Army Syrian Muslim Brotherhood or SMB [Mohamed Hekmat WALID] (operates in exile in London) Syrian Opposition Coalition or National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces [Riad SEIF] note: there are also hundreds of local and provincial political and armed opposition groups that organize protests, provide civilian services, and stage armed attacks
Taiwan	environmental groups; independence movement; various business groups note: public opinion polls consistently show most Taiwanese support maintaining Taiwan's status quo; advocates of Taiwan independence oppose unification with mainland China; most advocates of eventual unification predicate their goal on the democratic transformation of the mainland
Tajikistan	Group 24 [Suhrob ZAFAR] (banned) New Tajikistan Party [Zayd SAIDOV (jailed since 2013)] (unregistered) Vatandor (Patriot) Movement [Dodojon ATOVULLOEV] Youth for the Revival of Tajikistan [Maqsud IBROHIMOV - jailed in 2015] (banned) Youth Party of Tajikistan [Izzat AMON] (unregistered) Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan or IRPT [Muhiddin KABIRI - in exile] (banned)
Tanzania	Economic and Social Research Foundation or ESRF Free Zanzibar Tanzania Media Women's Association or TAMWA Tanzania Private Sector Foundation or TPSF Twaweza
Thailand	Multicolor Group People's Democratic Reform Committee or PDRC Student and People Network for Thailand's Reform or STR United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship or UDD
Timor-Leste	NA
Togo	NA
Tokelau	none
Tonga	Human Rights and Democracy Movement Tonga or HRDMT [Rev. Simote VEA] Public Service Association or PSA [Finau TUTONE]
Trinidad and Tobago	Jamaat al-Muslimeen [Yasin ABU BAKR]
Tunisia	Tunisian Association of Women Democrats or ATFD Tunisian League for Human Rights or LTDH [Jamel MSALLEM] Tunisian General Labor Union or UGTT [Noureddine TABOUBI] Tunisian Women's Association for Research and Development or AFTURD
Turkey	Confederation of Public Sector Unions or KESK [Lami OZGEN, Saziye KOSE] Confederation of Revolutionary Workers Unions or DISK [Kani BEKO] Independent Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or MUSIAD [Nail OLPAK] Moral Rights Workers Union or Hak-Is [Mahmut ARSLAN] Turkish Confederation of Employer Associations or TISK [Kudret ONEN] Turkish Confederation of Labor Unions or Turk-Is [Ergun ATALAY] Turkish Confederation of Tradesmen and Craftsmen or TESK [Bendevi PALANDOKEN] Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or TUSIAD [Erol BILECIK] Turkish Union of Chambers of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges or TOBB [M. Rifat HISARCIKLIOGLU]
Turkmenistan	none
Turks and Caicos Islands	NA
Tuvalu	none
Uganda	National Association of Women Organizations in Uganda or NAWOU [Monica EMIRU] Parliamentary Advocacy Forum or PAFO Ugandan Coalition for Political Accountability to Women or COPAW
Ukraine	Centre UA [Oleh RYBACHUK] OPORA Civic Network [Olha AIVAZOVSKA]
United Arab Emirates	NA
United Kingdom	Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament Confederation of British Industry National Farmers' Union Trades Union Congress
United States	environmentalists; business groups; labor unions; churches; ethnic groups; political action committees or PACs; health groups; education groups; civic groups; youth groups; transportation groups; agricultural groups; veterans groups; women's groups; reform lobbies
Uruguay	B'nai B'rith Catholic Church Chamber of Commerce and Export of Agriproducts Chamber of Industries (manufacturers' association) Exporters Union of Uruguay National Chamber of Commerce and Services PIT/CNT (powerful federation of Uruguayan Unions - umbrella labor organization) Rural Association of Uruguay (ranchers' association) Uruguayan Network of Political Women other: students
Uzbekistan	no significant opposition political parties or pressure groups in Uzbekistan
Vanuatu	NA
Venezuela	Bolivarian and Socialist Workers' Union (a ruling-party-oriented organized labor union) Confederacion Venezolana de Industriales or Coindustria (a conservative business group) Consejos Comunales (pro-government local communal councils) Federation of Chambers and Associations of Commerce and Production of Venezuela or FEDECAMARAS (a conservative business group) Union of Oil Workers of Venezuela or FUTPV Venezuelan Confederation of Workers or CTV (opposition-oriented labor organization) other: various civil society groups and human rights organizations
Vietnam	8406 Bloc Democratic Party of Vietnam or DPV People's Democratic Party Vietnam or PDP-VN Alliance for Democracy note: these groups advocate democracy but are not recognized by the government
Virgin Islands	NA
Wallis and Futuna	NA
Western Sahara	Polisario Front
Yemen	Huthis Muslim Brotherhood Women National Committee other: conservative tribal groups; southern secessionist groups; al-Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)
Zambia	Congress of Trade Unions or ZCTU; Federation of Free Trade Unions in Zambia other: other labor and trade unions
Zimbabwe	Crisis in Zimbabwe Coalition National Constitutional Assembly or NCA [Lovemore MADHUKU] Women of Zimbabwe Arise or WOZA [Jenni WILLIAMS] Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions or ZCTU [Peter MUTASA] Zimbabwe Human Rights Association or ZimRights [Okay MACHISA] Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum [Jestina MUKOKO] Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights or ZLHR [Roselyn HANZI]