Australia - Oceania :: Nauru
  • Introduction :: Nauru
  • Background:
    The exact origins of the Nauruans are unclear since their language does not resemble any other in the Pacific region. Germany annexed the island in 1888. A German-British consortium began mining the island's phosphate deposits early in the 20th century. Australian forces occupied Nauru in World War I; it subsequently became a League of Nations mandate. After the Second World War - and a brutal occupation by Japan - Nauru became a UN trust territory. It achieved independence in 1968 and joined the UN in 1999 as the world's smallest independent republic.
  • Geography :: Nauru
  • Location:
    Oceania, island in the South Pacific Ocean, south of the Marshall Islands
    Geographic coordinates:
    0 32 S, 166 55 E
    Map references:
    Oceania
    Area:
    total: 21 sq km
    land: 21 sq km
    water: 0 sq km
    country comparison to the world: 240
    Area - comparative:
    about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC
    Land boundaries:
    0 km
    Coastline:
    30 km
    Maritime claims:
    territorial sea: 12 nm
    exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
    contiguous zone: 24 nm
    Climate:
    tropical with a monsoonal pattern; rainy season (November to February)
    Terrain:
    sandy beach rises to fertile ring around raised coral reefs with phosphate plateau in center
    Elevation:
    lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
    highest point: Command Ridge 70 m
    Natural resources:
    phosphates, fish
    Land use:
    agricultural land: 20% (2011 est.)
    arable land: 0% (2011 est.) / permanent crops: 20% (2011 est.) / permanent pasture: 0% (2011 est.)
    forest: 0% (2011 est.)
    other: 80% (2011 est.)
    Irrigated land:
    0 sq km (2012)
    Population distribution:
    extensive phosphate mining made approximately 90% of the island unsuitable for farming; most people live in the fertile coastal areas, especially along the southwest coast
    Natural hazards:
    periodic droughts
    Environment - current issues:
    limited natural freshwater resources, roof storage tanks that collect rainwater and desalination plants provide water; a century of intensive phosphate mining beginning in 1906 left the central 90% of Nauru a wasteland; cadmium residue, phosphate dust, and other contaminants have caused air and water pollution with negative impacts on health; climate change has brought on rising sea levels and inland water shortages
    Environment - international agreements:
    party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling
    signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
    Geography - note:
    world's smallest island country; situated just 53 km south of the Equator; Nauru is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and Makatea in French Polynesia
  • People and Society :: Nauru
  • Population:
    9,692 (July 2018 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 223
    Nationality:
    noun: Nauruan(s)
    adjective: Nauruan
    Ethnic groups:
    Nauruan 88.9%, part Nauruan 6.6%, I-Kiribati 2%, other 2.5% (2007 est.)
    Languages:
    Nauruan 93% (official, a distinct Pacific Island language), English 2% (widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes), other 5% (includes I-Kiribati 2% and Chinese 2%) (2011 est.)

    note: percentages represent main language spoken at home; Nauruan is spoken by 95% of the population, English by 66%, and other languages by 12%

    Religions:
    Protestant 60.4% (includes Nauru Congregational 35.7%, Assembly of God 13%, Nauru Independent Church 9.5%, Baptist 1.5%, and Seventh Day Adventist 0.7%), Roman Catholic 33%, other 3.7%, none 1.8%, unspecified 1.1% (2011 est.)
    Age structure:
    0-14 years: 31.18% (male 1,323 /female 1,699)
    15-24 years: 16.37% (male 764 /female 823)
    25-54 years: 43.08% (male 2,112 /female 2,063)
    55-64 years: 6.51% (male 249 /female 382)
    65 years and over: 2.86% (male 101 /female 176) (2018 est.)
    population pyramid: population pyramid
    Median age:
    total: 26.7 years (2018 est.)
    male: 27.4 years
    female: 25.8 years
    country comparison to the world: 149
    Population growth rate:
    0.51% (2018 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 153
    Birth rate:
    23.2 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 62
    Death rate:
    5.9 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 168
    Net migration rate:
    -12.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 218
    Population distribution:
    extensive phosphate mining made approximately 90% of the island unsuitable for farming; most people live in the fertile coastal areas, especially along the southwest coast
    Urbanization:
    urban population: 100% of total population (2019)
    rate of urbanization: -0.06% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
    Sex ratio:
    at birth: 0.84 male(s)/female
    0-14 years: 0.78 male(s)/female
    15-24 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
    25-54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
    55-64 years: 0.65 male(s)/female
    65 years and over: 0.57 male(s)/female
    total population: 0.88 male(s)/female (2018 est.)
    Infant mortality rate:
    total: 7.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
    male: 9.8 deaths/1,000 live births
    female: 5.9 deaths/1,000 live births
    country comparison to the world: 156
    Life expectancy at birth:
    total population: 67.8 years (2018 est.)
    male: 63.6 years
    female: 71.2 years
    country comparison to the world: 170
    Total fertility rate:
    2.76 children born/woman (2018 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 62
    Drinking water source:
    improved: urban: 96.5% of population
    total: 96.5% of population
    unimproved: urban: 3.5% of population
    total: 3.5% of population (2015 est.)
    Current Health Expenditure:
    11.1% (2016)
    Physicians density:
    1.24 physicians/1,000 population (2015)
    Hospital bed density:
    5 beds/1,000 population (2010)
    Sanitation facility access:
    improved: urban: 65.6% of population (2015 est.)
    total: 65.6% of population (2015 est.)
    unimproved: urban: 34.4% of population (2015 est.)
    total: 34.4% of population (2015 est.)
    HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
    NA
    HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
    NA
    HIV/AIDS - deaths:
    NA
    Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
    61% (2016)
    country comparison to the world: 1
    Education expenditures:
    NA
    School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
    total: 9 years
    male: 9 years
    female: 10 years (2008)
    Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
    total: 26.6%
    male: 20.9%
    female: 37.5% (2013)
    country comparison to the world: 43
  • Government :: Nauru
  • Country name:
    conventional long form: Republic of Nauru
    conventional short form: Nauru
    local long form: Republic of Nauru
    local short form: Nauru
    former: Pleasant Island
    etymology: the island name may derive from the Nauruan word "anaoero" meaning "I go to the beach"
    Government type:
    parliamentary republic
    Capital:
    name: no official capital; government offices in the Yaren District
    time difference: UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
    Administrative divisions:
    14 districts; Aiwo, Anabar, Anetan, Anibare, Baitsi, Boe, Buada, Denigomodu, Ewa, Ijuw, Meneng, Nibok, Uaboe, Yaren
    Independence:
    31 January 1968 (from the Australia-, NZ-, and UK-administered UN trusteeship)
    National holiday:
    Independence Day, 31 January (1968)
    Constitution:
    history: effective 29 January 1968
    amendments: proposed by Parliament; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament; amendments to constitutional articles, such as the republican form of government, protection of fundamental rights and freedoms, the structure and authorities of the executive and legislative branches, also requires two-thirds majority of votes in a referendum; amended 1968, 2009, 2014 (2018)
    International law organization participation:
    has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
    Suffrage:
    20 years of age; universal and compulsory
    Executive branch:
    chief of state: President Lionel AINGIMEA (since 27 August 2019); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
    head of government: President Lionel AINGIMEA (since 27 August 2019)
    cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among members of Parliament
    elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by Parliament (eligible for a second term); election last held on 27 August 2019 (next to be held in 2022)
    election results: Lionel AINGIMEA elected president; Parliament vote - Lionel AINGIMEA (independent) 12, David ADEANG (Nauru First) 6
    Legislative branch:
    description: unicameral parliament (19 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by majority vote using the "Dowdall" counting system by which voters rank candidates on their ballots; members serve 3-year terms)
    elections: last held on 24 August 2019 (next to be held in 2022)
    election results: percent of vote - NA; seats - independent 19; composition - men 17, women 2, percent of women 10.5%
    Judicial branch:
    highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and several justices); note - in late 2017, the Nauruan Government revoked the 1976 High Court Appeals Act, which had allowed appeals beyond the Nauruan Supreme Court, and in early 2018, the government formed its own appeals court
    judge selection and term of office: judges appointed by the president to serve until age 65
    subordinate courts: District Court, Family Court
    Political parties and leaders:
    Democratic Party [Kennan ADEANG]
    Nauru First (Naoero Amo) Party
    Nauru Party (informal)

    note: loose multiparty system

    International organization participation:
    ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C, FAO, G-77, ICAO, ICCt, IFAD, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
    Diplomatic representation in the US:
    Ambassador Marlene Inemwin MOSES (since 13 March 2006)
    chancery: 800 2nd Avenue, Suite 400 D, New York, NY 10017
    telephone: [1] (212) 937-0074
    FAX: [1] (212) 937-0079
    Diplomatic representation from the US:
    the US does not have an embassy in Nauru; the US Ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Nauru
    Flag description:
    blue with a narrow, horizontal, gold stripe across the center and a large white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side; blue stands for the Pacific Ocean, the star indicates the country's location in relation to the Equator (the gold stripe) and the 12 points symbolize the 12 original tribes of Nauru; the star's white color represents phosphate, the basis of the island's wealth
    National symbol(s):
    frigatebird, calophyllum flower; national colors: blue, yellow, white
    National anthem:
    name: "Nauru Bwiema" (Song of Nauru)
    lyrics/music: Margaret HENDRIE/Laurence Henry HICKS

    note: adopted 1968

  • Economy :: Nauru
  • Economy - overview:

    Revenues of this tiny island - a coral atoll with a land area of 21 square kilometers - traditionally have come from exports of phosphates. Few other resources exist, with most necessities being imported, mainly from Australia, its former occupier and later major source of support. Primary reserves of phosphates were exhausted and mining ceased in 2006, but mining of a deeper layer of "secondary phosphate" in the interior of the island began the following year. The secondary phosphate deposits may last another 30 years. Earnings from Nauru’s export of phosphate remains an important source of income. Few comprehensive statistics on the Nauru economy exist; estimates of Nauru's GDP vary widely.

    The rehabilitation of mined land and the replacement of income from phosphates are serious long-term problems. In anticipation of the exhaustion of Nauru's phosphate deposits, substantial amounts of phosphate income were invested in trust funds to help cushion the transition and provide for Nauru's economic future.

    Although revenue sources for government are limited, the opening of the Australian Regional Processing Center for asylum seekers since 2012 has sparked growth in the economy. Revenue derived from fishing licenses under the "vessel day scheme" has also boosted government income. Housing, hospitals, and other capital plant are deteriorating. The cost to Australia of keeping the Nauruan government and economy afloat continues to climb.

    GDP (purchasing power parity):
    $160 million (2017 est.)
    $153.9 million (2016 est.)
    $139.4 million (2015 est.)

    note: data are in 2015 dollars

    country comparison to the world: 224
    GDP (official exchange rate):
    $114 million (2017 est.)
    GDP - real growth rate:
    4% (2017 est.)
    10.4% (2016 est.)
    2.8% (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 80
    GDP - per capita (PPP):
    $12,300 (2017 est.)
    $11,800 (2016 est.)
    $11,600 (2015 est.)

    note: data are in 2015 US dollars

    country comparison to the world: 129
    GDP - composition, by end use:
    household consumption: 98% (2016 est.)
    government consumption: 37.6% (2016 est.)
    investment in fixed capital: 42.2% (2016 est.)
    exports of goods and services: 11.2% (2016 est.)
    imports of goods and services: -89.1% (2016 est.)
    GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
    agriculture: 6.1% (2009 est.)
    industry: 33% (2009 est.)
    services: 60.8% (2009 est.)
    Agriculture - products:
    coconuts
    Industries:
    phosphate mining, offshore banking, coconut products
    Industrial production growth rate:
    NA
    Labor force:
    NA
    Labor force - by occupation:

    note: most of the labor force is employed in phosphate mining, public administration, education, and transportation

    Unemployment rate:
    23% (2011 est.)
    90% (2004 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 193
    Population below poverty line:
    NA
    Household income or consumption by percentage share:
    lowest 10%: NA
    highest 10%: NA
    Budget:
    revenues: 103 million (2017 est.)
    expenditures: 113.4 million (2017 est.)
    Taxes and other revenues:
    90.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 2
    Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
    -9.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 206
    Public debt:
    62% of GDP (2017 est.)
    65% of GDP (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 71
    Fiscal year:
    1 July - 30 June
    Inflation rate (consumer prices):
    5.1% (2017 est.)
    8.2% (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 172
    Current account balance:
    $5 million (2017 est.)
    $2 million (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 64
    Exports:
    $125 million (2013 est.)
    $110.3 million (2012 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 194
    Exports - partners:
    Nigeria 38.6%, Japan 16.6%, Australia 15.9%, South Korea 13.7%, NZ 5.7% (2017)
    Exports - commodities:
    phosphates
    Imports:
    $64.9 million (2016 est.)
    $143.1 million (2013 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 219
    Imports - commodities:
    food, fuel, manufactures, building materials, machinery
    Imports - partners:
    Australia 67.5%, Fiji 9.2%, India 8.1%, Singapore 5.4% (2017)
    Debt - external:
    $33.3 million (2004 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 199
    Exchange rates:
    Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar -
    1.311 (2017 est.)
    1.3452 (2016 est.)
    1.3452 (2015 est.)
    1.3291 (2014 est.)
    1.1094 (2013 est.)
  • Energy :: Nauru
  • Electricity - production:
    24 million kWh (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 212
    Electricity - consumption:
    22.32 million kWh (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 212
    Electricity - exports:
    0 kWh (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 174
    Electricity - imports:
    0 kWh (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 177
    Electricity - installed generating capacity:
    7,000 kW (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 211
    Electricity - from fossil fuels:
    86% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 68
    Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
    0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 151
    Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
    0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 188
    Electricity - from other renewable sources:
    14% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 63
    Crude oil - production:
    0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 180
    Crude oil - exports:
    0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 172
    Crude oil - imports:
    0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 173
    Crude oil - proved reserves:
    0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 175
    Refined petroleum products - production:
    0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 184
    Refined petroleum products - consumption:
    470 bbl/day (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 210
    Refined petroleum products - exports:
    0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 186
    Refined petroleum products - imports:
    449 bbl/day (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 206
    Natural gas - production:
    0 cu m (2017 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 176
    Natural gas - consumption:
    0 cu m (2017 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 180
    Natural gas - exports:
    0 cu m (2017 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 158
    Natural gas - imports:
    0 cu m (2017 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 163
    Natural gas - proved reserves:
    0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 174
    Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
    76,540 Mt (2017 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 208
  • Communications :: Nauru
  • Telephones - fixed lines:
    total subscriptions: 1,900
    subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 14 (July 2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 215
    Telephones - mobile cellular:
    total subscriptions: 9,900
    subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 87 (July 2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 212
    Telephone system:
    general assessment: adequate local and international radiotelephone communication provided via Australian facilities; geography is a challenge for the islands; there is a need to service the tourism sector and thus the South Pacific Islands economy; mobile technology is booming (2018)
    domestic: fixed-line 14 per 100 and mobile-cellular 87 per 100 (2018)
    international: country code - 674; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
    Broadcast media:
    1 government-owned TV station broadcasting programs from New Zealand sent via satellite or on videotape; 1 government-owned radio station, broadcasting on AM and FM, utilizes Australian and British programs (2019)
    Internet country code:
    .nr
    Internet users:
    total: 5,100
    percent of population: 53.5% (July 2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 213
  • Military and Security :: Nauru
  • Military and security forces:
    no regular military forces (2019)
    Military - note:
    Nauru maintains no defense forces; under an informal agreement, defense is the responsibility of Australia
  • Transportation :: Nauru
  • National air transport system:
    number of registered air carriers: 1 (2015)
    inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 5 (2015)
    annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 38,858 (2015)
    annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 7,793,474 mt-km (2015)
    Civil aircraft registration country code prefix:
    C2 (2016)
    Airports:
    1 (2013)
    country comparison to the world: 230
    Airports - with paved runways:
    total: 1 (2017)
    1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2017)
    Roadways:
    total: 30 km (2002)
    paved: 24 km (2002)
    unpaved: 6 km (2002)
    country comparison to the world: 211
    Ports and terminals:
    major seaport(s): Nauru
  • Transnational Issues :: Nauru
  • Disputes - international:

    none