Introduction :: MONTENEGRO
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The use of the name Crna Gora or Black Mountain (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a highland region in the Serbian province of Zeta. The later medieval state of Zeta maintained its existence until 1496 when Montenegro finally fell under Ottoman rule. Over subsequent centuries, Montenegro managed to maintain a level of autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro was a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it transformed into a secular principality. Montenegro was recognized as an independent sovereign principality at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. After World War I, during which Montenegro fought on the side of the Allies, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929; at the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro federated with Serbia, creating the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, shifting to a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia barely exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally restore its independence on 3 June 2006.
Geography :: MONTENEGRO
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Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia
42 30 N, 19 18 E
Europe
total: 13,812 sq km
land: 13,452 sq km
water: 360 sq km
country comparison to the world: 162
slightly smaller than Connecticut
total: 680 km
border countries (5): Albania 186 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 242 km, Croatia 19 km, Kosovo 76 km, Serbia 157 km
293.5 km
territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: defined by treaty
Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m
bauxite, hydroelectricity
agricultural land: 38.2%
arable land 12.9%; permanent crops 1.2%; permanent pasture 24.1%
forest: 40.4%
other: 21.4% (2011 est.)
24.12 sq km (2010)
destructive earthquakes
pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
strategic location along the Adriatic coast
People and Society :: MONTENEGRO
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noun: Montenegrin(s)
adjective: Montenegrin
Montenegrin 45%, Serbian 28.7%, Bosniak 8.7%, Albanian 4.9%, Muslim 3.3%, Roma 1%, Croat 1%, other 2.6%, unspecified 4.9% (2011 est.)
Serbian 42.9%, Montenegrin (official) 37%, Bosnian 5.3%, Albanian 5.3%, Serbo-Croat 2%, other 3.5%, unspecified 4% (2011 est.)
Orthodox 72.1%, Muslim 19.1%, Catholic 3.4%, atheist 1.2%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.6% (2011 est.)
647,073 (July 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 168
0-14 years: 15.18% (male 48,138/female 50,095)
15-24 years: 10.27% (male 30,681/female 35,776)
25-54 years: 47.02% (male 164,104/female 140,142)
55-64 years: 13.12% (male 42,354/female 42,542)
65 years and over: 14.41% (male 37,040/female 56,201) (2015 est.)
population pyramid:
total dependency ratio: 47.7%
youth dependency ratio: 27.6%
elderly dependency ratio: 20.2%
potential support ratio: 5% (2015 est.)
total: 39.2 years
male: 38.2 years
female: 40.5 years (2014 est.)
-0.42% (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 223
10.42 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 182
9.43 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 61
urban population: 64% of total population (2015)
rate of urbanization: 0.34% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
PODGORICA (capital) 165,000 (2014)
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 0.86 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.17 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
39.4% (2005/06)
6.5% of GDP (2013)
country comparison to the world: 65
2.11 physicians/1,000 population (2013)
4 beds/1,000 population (2011)
improved:
urban: 100% of population
rural: 99.2% of population
total: 99.7% of population
unimproved:
urban: 0% of population
rural: 0.8% of population
total: 0.3% of population (2015 est.)
improved:
urban: 90.8% of population
rural: 92.2% of population
total: 95.9% of population
unimproved:
urban: 2% of population
rural: 7.8% of population
total: 4.1% of population (2015 est.)
NA
NA
NA
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne disease: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (2013)
21.4% (2014)
country comparison to the world: 79
1% (2013)
country comparison to the world: 133
NA
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.7%
male: 99.5%
female: 98% (2015 est.)
total: 15 years
male: 15 years
female: 15 years (2010)
total number: 8,520
percentage: 10% (2005 est.)
total: 41.1%
male: 42.3%
female: 39.7% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 11
Government :: MONTENEGRO
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conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Montenegro
local long form: none
local short form: Crna Gora
former: People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro
republic
name: Podgorica; note - Cetinje retains the status of "Old Royal Capital"
geographic coordinates: 42 26 N, 19 16 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
23 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Gusinje, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Petnijica, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Ulcinj, Zabljak
3 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro)
National Day, 13 July (1878, the day the Berlin Congress recognized Montenegro as the 27th independent state in the world, and 1941, the day the Montenegrins staged an uprising against Nazi occupiers and sided with the partisan Communist movement)
several previous; latest adopted 19 October 2007, promulagated 22 October 2007; amended 2013 (to strengthen independence of judiciary) (2015) (2015)
civil law
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICC jurisdiction
18 years of age; universal
chief of state: President Filip VUJANOVIC (since 6 April 2008)
head of government: Prime Minister Milo DJUKANOVIC (since 4 December 2012)
cabinet: Ministers act as cabinet
elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 April 2013 (next to be held in 2018); prime minister nominated by the president, approved by the Assembly
election results: Filip VUJANOVIC reelected president; Filip VUJANOVIC (DPS) 51.2%, Miodrag LEKIC (independent) 48.8%%
description: unicameral Assembly or Skupstina (81 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)
elections: last held on 14 October 2012 (next to be held in October 2016)
election results: percent of vote by party/coalition - Coalition for European Montenegro 45.6%, Democratic Front 22.8%, SNP 11.1%, Positive Montenegro 8.2%, Bosniak Party 4.2%, other (including Albanian and Croatian minority parties) 8.1%; seats by party - Coalition for European Montenegro 39, Democratic Front 20, SNP 9, Positive Montenegro 7, Bosniak Party 3, Albanian and Croatian minority parties 3
note: seats by party/coaltion as of May 2015 - Coalition for European Montenegro 39, Democratic Front 20, SNP 9, Positive Montenegro 5, Bosniak Party 3, Albanian and Croatian minority parties 3, independent 2
highest court(s): Supreme Court or Vrhovni Sud (consists of the court president, deputy president and 15 judges); Constitutional Court or Ustavni Sud (consists of the court president and 7 judges)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court president proposed by general session of the Supreme Court and elected by the Judicial Council, a 9-member body consisting of judges, lawyers designated by the Assembly, and the minister of judicial affairs; Supreme Court president elected for a single renewable, 5-year term; other judges elected by the Judicial Council for life; Constitutional Court judges - 2 proposed by the president of Montenegro and 5 by the Assembly, and elected by the Assembly; court president elected from among the court members; court president elected for 3 years, other judges 9 years
subordinate courts: Administrative Courts; Appellate Court; Commercial Courts; High Courts; basic courts
Albanian Coalition (includes Democratic League in Montenegro or DSCG [Mehmet BARDHI], Democratic Party [Fatmir DJEKA], and Albanian Alternative or AA [Gjergj CAMAJ])
Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC]
Coalition for European Montenegro [Milo DJUKANOVIC] (includes Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC], Liberal Party of Montenegro or LP [Andrija POPOVIC], and Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC])
Coalition FORCA for Unity (includes FORCA [Nazif CUNGU] and Civic Initiative [Vaselj SINISTAJ])
Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI [Marija VUCINOVIC]
Democratic Front or DF [Miodrag LEKIC] (includes New Serb Democracy or NOVA [Andrija MANDIC] and Movement for Change or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC])
Positive Montenegro [Darko PAJOVIC]
Socialist People's Party or SNP [Srdan MILIC]
NA
CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
chief of mission: Ambassador Srdjan DARMANOVIC (since 30 November 2010)
chancery: 1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 234-6108
FAX: [1] (202) 234-6109
consulate(s) general: New York
chief of mission: Ambassador Margaret UYEHARA (since 19 February 2015)
embassy: Dzona Dzeksona 2, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [382] (0) 20 410 500
FAX: [382] (0) 20 241 358
a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is symbol of episcopal authority and harkens back to the three and a half centuries that Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy
double-headed eagle; national colors: red, gold
name: "Oj, svijetla majska zoro" (Oh, Bright Dawn of May)
lyrics/music: Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown, arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC
note: adopted 2004; music based on a Montenegrin folk song
Economy :: MONTENEGRO
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Montenegro's economy is transitioning to a market system. From the beginning of the privatization process in 1999 through to 2015, around 85% of Montenegrin state-owned companies have been privatized, including 100% of banking, telecommunications, and oil distribution. The government recognizes the need to remove impediments in order to remain competitive and open the economy to foreign investors. The biggest foreign investors in Montenegro are Italy, Norway, Austria, Russia, Hungary and Great Britain. Net foreign direct investment in 2014 reached $483 million and investment per capita is one of the highest in Europe. Montenegro uses the Euro as its domestic currency, though it is not an official member of the Euro-zone. In January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF, and in December 2011, the World Trade Organization. Montenegro began negotiations to join the EC in June, 2012, having met the conditions set down by the European Council, which called on Montenegro to take steps to fight corruption and organized crime. Tourism brings in twice as many visitors as Montenegro’s total population every year. Several new luxury tourism complexes are in various states of development along the coast, and a number are being offered in connection with nearby boating and yachting facilities. Montenegro is currently planning major overhauls of its road, rail networks, and possible expansions of its air transportation system. In 2014, the Government of Montenegro selected two Chinese companies to construct a 41 km-long section of the country’s highway system. Construction will cost around $1.1 billion. Montenegro first instituted value added tax (VAT) in April 2003, and introduced differentiated VAT rates of 17% and 7% (for tourism) in January 2006. In May 2013, the Montenegrin Government raised the higher level VAT rate to 19%.
$9.36 billion (2014 est.)
$9.256 billion (2013 est.)
$8.957 billion (2012 est.)
note: data are in 2014 US dollars
country comparison to the world: 158
$4.462 billion (2014 est.)
1.1% (2014 est.)
3.3% (2013 est.)
-2.5% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 139
$15,000 (2014 est.)
$14,800 (2013 est.)
$14,300 (2012 est.)
note: data are in 2014 US dollars
country comparison to the world: 100
2.3% of GDP (2014 est.)
1.3% of GDP (2013 est.)
0.9% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 169
household consumption: 81.8%
government consumption: 21.2%
investment in fixed capital: 19.5%
investment in inventories: -0.1%
exports of goods and services: 42.1%
imports of goods and services: -64.5%
(2013 est.)
agriculture: 8.3%
industry: 21.2%
services: 70.5% (2013 est.)
tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives, grapes; sheep
steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism
4.5% (2013 est.)
263,200 (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 166
agriculture: 5.3%
industry: 17.9%
services: 76.8% (2014 est.)
18.5% (2014 est.)
19.1% (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 160
8.6% (2013 est.)
26.2 (2013 est.)
24.3 (2010)
country comparison to the world: 139
revenues: $1.56 billion
expenditures: $1.63 billion (2014 est.)
33.5% of GDP (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 55
-1.5% of GDP (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 13
59.5% of GDP (31 December 2014 est.)
57.9% of GDP (2013 est.)
note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
country comparison to the world: 65
calendar year
-0.7% (2014 est.)
3% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 12
9.22% (31 December 2014 est.)
9.36% (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 88
$749 million (31 December 2011 est.)
$783.3 million (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 156
$1.982 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
$2.01 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 154
$2.63 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
$2.682 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 130
$7.532 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
$3.827 billion (31 December 2012)
$3.322 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 91
-$793 million (2014 est.)
-$1.927 billion (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 146
$370.2 million (2014 est.)
$489.2 million (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 176
Croatia 22.7%, Serbia 22.7%, Slovenia 7.8% (2012 est.)
$1.982 billion (2014 est.)
$2.4 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 157
Serbia 29.3%, Greece 8.7%, China 7.1% (2012 est.)
$599.6 million (31 December 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 154
$1.576 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
$1.433 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 151
$483 million (31 December 2014 est.)
$446.5 million (31 December 2013 est.)
$133 million (31 December 2014 est.)
euros (EUR) per US dollar -
0.7489 (2014 est.)
0.7634 (2013 est.)
0.78 (2012 est.)
0.7185 (2011 est.)
0.755 (2010 est.)
Energy :: MONTENEGRO
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3.809 billion kWh (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 132
3.465 billion kWh (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 128
696 million kWh (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69
410 million kWh (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 60
885,500 kW (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 126
24.6% of total installed capacity (20113 est.)
country comparison to the world: 188
0% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 137
75.3% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18
0% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 202
0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 198
0 bbl/day (2013)
country comparison to the world: 152
0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 92
0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 163
0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 172
11,640 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 172
622 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 114
12,270 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 168
0 cu m (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 164
0 cu m (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 170
0 cu m (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 142
0 cu m (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 97
0 cu m (1 January 2014)
country comparison to the world: 168
19.72 million Mt (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 84
Communications :: MONTENEGRO
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total subscriptions: 160,000
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 25 (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 135
total: 1 million
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 156 (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 158
general assessment: modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites
domestic: GSM mobile-cellular service, available through multiple providers with national coverage, is growing
international: country code - 382; 2 international switches connect the national system (2011)
state-funded national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks; 4 public TV stations and some 20 private TV stations; 14 local public radio stations and more than 40 private radio stations (2007)
31 (station frequency types NA) (2004)
13 (2004)
.me
total: 381,700
percent of population: 58.7% (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 136
Transportation :: MONTENEGRO
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5 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 181
total: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2013)
1 (2012)
total: 250 km
standard gauge: 250 km 1.435-m gauge (169 km electrified) (2014)
country comparison to the world: 125
total: 7,762 km
paved: 7,141 km
unpaved: 621 km (2010)
country comparison to the world: 142
total: 2
by type: cargo 1, passenger/cargo 1
registered in other countries: 4 (Bahamas 2, Honduras 1, Slovakia 1) (2010)
country comparison to the world: 146
major seaport(s): Bar
Military :: MONTENEGRO
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Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro: Army of Montenegro (includes Montenegrin Navy (Mornarica Crne Gore, MCG)), Air Force (2011)
18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)
males age 16-49: 149,159
females age 16-49: 131,823 (2010 est.)
male: 3,120
female: 3,677 (2010 est.)
1.74% of GDP (2014)
1.59% of GDP (2013)
1.69% of GDP (2012)
1.75% of GDP (2011)
1.81% of GDP (2010)
country comparison to the world: 46
Transnational Issues :: MONTENEGRO
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none
refugees (country of origin): 5,633 (Serbia and Kosovo) (2014)
stateless persons: 3,296 (2014)
Central Intelligence Agency
