Introduction :: TAJIKISTAN
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The Tajik people came under Russian rule in the 1860s and 1870s, but Russia's hold on Central Asia weakened following the Revolution of 1917. Bands of indigenous guerrillas (called "basmachi") fiercely contested Bolshevik control of the area, which was not fully reestablished until 1925. Tajikistan was first created as an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan in 1924, but the USSR designated Tajikistan a separate republic in 1929 and transferred to it much of present-day Sughd province. Ethnic Uzbeks form a substantial minority in Tajikistan. Tajikistan became independent in 1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union, and experienced a civil war between regional factions from 1992 to 1997. Tajikistan endured several domestic security incidents during 2010-12, including armed conflict between government forces and local strongmen in the Rasht Valley and between government forces and criminal groups in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast. The country remains the poorest in the former Soviet sphere. Tajikistan became a member of the World Trade Organization in March 2013. However, its economy continues to face major challenges, including dependence on remittances from Tajikistanis working in Russia, pervasive corruption, and the major role narcotrafficking plays in the country's informal economy.
Geography :: TAJIKISTAN
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Central Asia, west of China, south of Kyrgyzstan
39 00 N, 71 00 E
Asia
total: 144,100 sq km
land: 141,510 sq km
water: 2,590 sq km
country comparison to the world: 96
slightly smaller than Wisconsin
total: 4,130 km
border countries (4): Afghanistan 1,357 km, China 477 km, Kyrgyzstan 984 km, Uzbekistan 1,312 km
0 km (landlocked)
none (landlocked)
mid-latitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains
Pamir and Alay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest
lowest point: Syr Darya (Sirdaryo) 300 m
highest point: Qullai Ismoili Somoni 7,495 m
hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold
agricultural land: 34.7%
arable land 6.1%; permanent crops 0.9%; permanent pasture 27.7%
forest: 2.9%
other: 62.4% (2011 est.)
7,421 sq km (2009)
21.91 cu km (2011)
total: 11.49 cu km/yr (6%/4%/91%)
per capita: 1,740 cu m/yr (2006)
earthquakes; floods
inadequate sanitation facilities; increasing levels of soil salinity; industrial pollution; excessive pesticides
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
landlocked; mountainous region dominated by the Trans-Alay Range in the north and the Pamirs in the southeast; highest point, Qullai Ismoili Somoni (formerly Communism Peak), was the tallest mountain in the former USSR
People and Society :: TAJIKISTAN
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noun: Tajikistani(s)
adjective: Tajikistani
Tajik 84.3%, Uzbek 13.8% (includes Lakai, Kongrat, Katagan, Barlos, Yuz), other 2% (includes Kyrgyz, Russian, Turkmen, Tatar, Arab) (2010 est.)
Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business
note: different ethnic groups speak Uzbek, Kyrgyz, and Pashto
Sunni Muslim 85%, Shia Muslim 5%, other 10% (2003 est.)
8,191,958 (July 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 97
0-14 years: 32.75% (male 1,365,565/female 1,317,285)
15-24 years: 19.7% (male 818,661/female 795,125)
25-54 years: 39.26% (male 1,590,051/female 1,626,091)
55-64 years: 5.1% (male 191,688/female 226,134)
65 years and over: 3.19% (male 109,084/female 152,274) (2015 est.)
population pyramid:
total dependency ratio: 60.9%
youth dependency ratio: 56%
elderly dependency ratio: 4.8%
potential support ratio: 20.7% (2015 est.)
total: 23.9 years
male: 23.4 years
female: 24.4 years (2015 est.)
1.71% (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69
24.38 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 57
6.18 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 156
-1.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 151
urban population: 26.8% of total population (2015)
rate of urbanization: 2.62% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
DUSHANBE (capital) 822,000 (2015)
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.85 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
total: 33.93 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 38.23 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 29.42 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 63
total population: 67.39 years
male: 64.28 years
female: 70.66 years (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 168
2.71 children born/woman (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 70
27.9% (2012)
6.8% of GDP (2013)
country comparison to the world: 120
1.92 physicians/1,000 population (2013)
5.5 beds/1,000 population (2011)
improved:
urban: 93.1% of population
rural: 66.7% of population
total: 73.8% of population
unimproved:
urban: 6.9% of population
rural: 33.3% of population
total: 26.2% of population (2015 est.)
improved:
urban: 93.8% of population
rural: 95.5% of population
total: 95% of population
unimproved:
urban: 6.2% of population
rural: 4.5% of population
total: 5% of population (2015 est.)
0.35% (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 79
16,400 (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 84
700 (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 73
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2013)
12% (2014)
country comparison to the world: 136
13.3% (2012)
country comparison to the world: 56
4% of GDP (2012)
country comparison to the world: 114
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.8%
male: 99.8%
female: 99.7% (2015 est.)
total: 11 years
male: 12 years
female: 10 years (2012)
total number: 164,432
percentage: 10% (2005 est.)
total: 16.7%
male: 19.2%
female: 13.7% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 72
Government :: TAJIKISTAN
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conventional long form: Republic of Tajikistan
conventional short form: Tajikistan
local long form: Jumhurii Tojikiston
local short form: Tojikiston
former: Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
republic
name: Dushanbe
geographic coordinates: 38 33 N, 68 46 E
time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
2 provinces (viloyatho, singular - viloyat), 1 autonomous province* (viloyati mukhtor), 1 capital region** (viloyati poytakht), and 1 area referred to as Districts Under Republic Administration***; Dushanbe**, Khatlon (Qurghonteppa), Kuhistoni Badakhshon [Gorno-Badakhshan]* (Khorugh), Nohiyahoi Tobei Jumhuri***, Sughd (Khujand)
note: the administrative center name follows in parentheses
9 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
Independence Day (or National Day), 9 September (1991)
several previous; latest adopted 6 November 1994; amended 1999, 2003 (2009)
civil law system
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
18 years of age; universal
chief of state: President Emomali RAHMON (since 6 November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since 19 November 1992)
head of government: Prime Minister Qohir RASULZODA (since 23 November 2013)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Supreme Assembly
elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for 2 terms); election last held on 6 November 2013 (next to be held in November 2020); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Emomali RAHMON reelected president; percent of vote - Emomali RAHMON (PDPT) 83.9%, Ismoil TALBAKOV (CPT) 5%, other 11.1%
description: bicameral Supreme Assembly or Majlisi Oli consists of the National Assembly or Majlisi Milli (34 seats; 25 members indirectly elected by local representative assemblies or majlisi, 8 appointed by the president, and 1 reserved for the former president; members serve 5-year terms) and the Assembly of Representatives or Majlisi Namoyandagon (63 seats; 41 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by two-round absolute majority vote and 22 directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)
elections: National Assembly - last held on 1 March 2015 (next to be held 2020); Assembly of Representatives - last held on 1 March 2015 (next to be held 2020)
election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; Assembly of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDPT 65.4%, APT 11.7%, PERT 7.5%, SPT 5.5%, CPT 2.2%, Democratic Party 1.7%, other 6%; seats by party - PDPT 55, APT 5, PERT 3, SPT 1, CPT 2, Democratic Party 1
highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the chairman, deputy chairmen, and 34 judges organized into civil, criminal, and military chambers); Constitutional Court (consists of the court chairman, vice-president, and 5 judges); High Economic Court (consists 16 judicial positions)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court, Constitutional Court, and High Economic Court judges nominated by the president of the republic and approved by the National Assembly; judges of all 3 courts appointed for 10-year renewable terms with no limit on terms, but last appointment must occur before the age of 65
subordinate courts: regional and district courts; Dushanbe City Court; viloyat (province level) courts; Court of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
Agrarian Party of Tajikistan or APT [Amir QARAQULOV]
Communist Party of Tajikistan or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV]
Democratic Party of Tajikistan [Saidjafar ISMONOV]
Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan or IRPT [Muhiddin KABIRI]
Party of Economic Reform of Tajikistan or PERT [Olimjon BOBOEV]
People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMON]
Social Democratic Party of Tajikistan or SDPT [Rahmatullo ZOYIROV]
Socialist Party of Tajikistan or SPT [Abduhalim GHAFOROV]
influential religious leader Akbar TURAJONZODA
New Tajikistan party [Zayd SAIDOV] (unregistered)
Guruhi-24 (Group-24) [Umarali QUVVATOV] (unregistered opposition group)
presidential candidate of Union of Reformist Forces of Tajikistan Oynihol BOBONAZAROVA (unregistered)
Vatandor (Patriot) Movement [Dodojon ATOVULLOEV]
Youth Party of Tajikistan [Izzat AMON] (unregistered)
ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
chief of mission: Ambassador Farhod SALIM (since 21 May 2014)
chancery: 1005 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone: [1] (202) 223-6090
FAX: [1] (202) 223-6091
chief of mission: Ambassador Susan M. ELLIOTT (since 25 July 2012)
embassy: 109-A Ismoili Somoni Avenue, Dushanbe 734019
mailing address: 7090 Dushanbe Place, Dulles, VA 20189
telephone: [992] (37) 229-20-00
FAX: [992] (37) 229-20-50
three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold, five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe; red represents the sun, victory, and the unity of the nation, white stands for purity, cotton, and mountain snows, while green is the color of Islam and the bounty of nature; the crown symbolizes the Tajik people; the seven stars signify the Tajik magic number "seven" - a symbol of perfection and the embodiment of happiness
crown surmounted by seven, five-pointed stars; national colors: red, white, green
name: "Surudi milli" (National Anthem)
lyrics/music: Gulnazar KELDI/Suleiman YUDAKOV
note: adopted 1991; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan kept the music of the anthem from its time as a Soviet republic but adopted new lyrics
Economy :: TAJIKISTAN
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Tajikistan's economic situation remains fragile due to the uneven implementation of structural reforms, corruption, weak governance, seasonal power shortages, and its large external debt burden. Tajikistan has one of the lowest per capita GDPs among the 15 former Soviet republics. The 1992-97 civil war severely damaged an already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. Because of a lack of employment opportunities in Tajikistan, more than one million Tajik citizens work abroad - roughly 90% in Russia - supporting families back home through remittances that amount to nearly 50% of GDP. Less than 7% of the land area is arable and cotton is the most important crop. Tajikistan imports approximately 60% of its food, mostly by rail. Mineral resources include silver, gold, uranium, and tungsten. Industry consists mainly of small obsolete factories in food processing and light industry, substantial hydropower facilities, and a large aluminum plant - currently operating well below its capacity. Some experts estimate the value of narcotics transiting Tajikistan is equivalent to 30-50% of GDP. Tajikistan has sought to develop its substantial hydroelectricity potential through partnership with Russian and Iranian investors. The government is pinning its drive for energy independence on completion of the Roghun dam, which will take at least 8 to 11 years to construct, according to a World Bank feasibility study that was published in July 2014. If built according to plan, Roghun would be the tallest dam in the world and would significantly expand Tajikistan’s electricity output. However, Uzbekistan opposes the project, which has damaged relations between the two countries. Uzbekistan closed one of the rail lines into Tajikistan in late 2011, hampering the transit of goods to and from the southern part of the country. As a result, food and fuel prices in Tajikistan have increased to the highest levels since 2002.
$22.32 billion (2014 est.)
$20.92 billion (2013 est.)
$19.48 billion (2012 est.)
note: data are in 2014 US dollars
country comparison to the world: 140
$9.242 billion (2014 est.)
6.7% (2014 est.)
7.4% (2013 est.)
7.5% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 35
$2,700 (2014 est.)
$2,500 (2013 est.)
$2,300 (2012 est.)
note: data are in 2014 US dollars
country comparison to the world: 193
5.3% of GDP (2014 est.)
12.2% of GDP (2013 est.)
15.4% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 156
household consumption: 107.3%
government consumption: 12%
investment in fixed capital: 12.8%
investment in inventories: 9.4%
exports of goods and services: 15.1%
imports of goods and services: -56.6%
(2014 est.)
agriculture: 27.2%
industry: 21.6%
services: 51.2% (2014 est.)
cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats
aluminum, cement, vegetable oil
4% (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 70
2.209 million (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 121
agriculture: 46.5%
industry: 10.7%
services: 42.8% (2013 est.)
2.5% (2013 est.)
2.5% (2012 est.)
note: official rates; actual unemployment is much higher
country comparison to the world: 18
35.6% (2013 est.)
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA% (2009 est.)
32.6 (2006)
34.7 (1998)
country comparison to the world: 104
revenues: $2.828 billion
expenditures: $2.868 billion (2014 est.)
30.9% of GDP (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 86
-0.4% of GDP (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 48
6.5% of GDP (2013 est.)
NA%
country comparison to the world: 160
calendar year
6.1% (2014 est.)
5.4% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 183
4.8% (31 December 2013)
6.5% (31 December 2012)
country comparison to the world: 78
22% (31 December 2014 est.)
6.6% (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 12
$1.598 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
$1.329 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 139
$2.085 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
$1.778 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 151
$1.598 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
$1.362 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 147
$NA
$NA
$NA
-$839 million (2014 est.)
-$330 million (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
$654.8 million (2014 est.)
$794.1 million (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 169
aluminum, electricity, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles
Turkey 23.2%, Iran 13%, Afghanistan 10.7%, Kazakhstan 10.5%, Italy 8.5%, Bangladesh 7.4%, China 6.9%, Russia 5.4% (2014)
$4.348 billion (2014 est.)
$4.6 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 138
petroleum products, aluminum oxide, machinery and equipment, foodstuffs
China 46.6%, Russia 16.8%, Kazakhstan 10.5%, Turkey 5.2% (2014)
$651.8 million (31 December 2014 est.)
$660.8 million (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 145
$3.821 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
$3.714 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 134
$2.272 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 102
$NA
$16.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Tajikistani somoni (TJS) per US dollar -
4.916 (2014 est.)
4.7644 (2013 est.)
4.76 (2012 est.)
4.6103 (2011 est.)
4.379 (2010 est.)
Energy :: TAJIKISTAN
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17.09 billion kWh (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 79
16.09 billion kWh (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 78
1 billion kWh (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
300.5 million kWh (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 86
4.476 million kW (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
9% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 197
0% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 186
91% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 12
0% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 127
206 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 110
0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 188
0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 126
12 million bbl (1 January 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 89
400 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 113
15,290 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 142
500 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 113
20,090 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 105
3.928 million cu m (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 95
3.928 million cu m (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 113
0 cu m (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 188
188 million cu m (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 72
5.663 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 91
2.618 million Mt (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 144
Communications :: TAJIKISTAN
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total subscriptions: 440,000
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 5 (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 98
total: 8 million
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 99 (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
general assessment: foreign investment in the telephone system has resulted in major improvements; conversion of the existing fixed network from analogue to digital was completed in 2012
domestic: fixed line availability has not changed significantly since 1998, while mobile cellular subscribership, aided by competition among multiple operators, has expanded rapidly; coverage now extends to all major cities and towns
international: country code - 992; linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); satellite earth stations - 3 (2 Intelsat and 1 Orbita) (2011)
state-run TV broadcaster transmits nationally on 4 stations and regionally on 4 stations; 11 independent TV stations broadcast locally and regionally; some households are able to receive Russian and other foreign stations via cable and satellite; state-run radio broadcaster operates Radio Tajikistan, Voice of Dushanbe, and several regional stations; a small number of independent radio stations (2010)
16 (number of licensed stations with only about 10 broadcasting) (2009)
24 (number of licensed stations with only about 15 active) (2009)
.tj
total: 1.3 million
percent of population: 16.1% (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 118
Transportation :: TAJIKISTAN
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24 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 131
total: 17
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 3 (2013)
total: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m:
5 (2013)
gas 549 km; oil 38 km (2013)
total: 680 km
broad gauge: 680 km 1.520-m gauge (2014)
country comparison to the world: 104
total: 27,767 km (2000)
country comparison to the world: 98
200 km (along Vakhsh River) (2011)
country comparison to the world: 98
Military :: TAJIKISTAN
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Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Mobile Forces (2013)
18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; 2-year conscript service obligation; males required to undergo compulsory military training between ages 16 and 55; males can enroll in military schools from at least age 15 (2012)
males age 16-49: 2,012,790
females age 16-49: 2,020,618 (2010 est.)
males age 16-49: 1,490,267
females age 16-49: 1,675,083 (2010 est.)
male: 76,430
female: 74,038 (2010 est.)
Transnational Issues :: TAJIKISTAN
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in 2006, China and Tajikistan pledged to commence demarcation of the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; talks continue with Uzbekistan to delimit border and remove minefields; disputes in Isfara Valley delay delimitation with Kyrgyzstan
stateless persons: 1,364 (2014)
major transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit cultivation of opium poppy for domestic consumption; Tajikistan seizes roughly 80% of all drugs captured in Central Asia and stands third worldwide in seizures of opiates (heroin and raw opium); significant consumer of opiates
Central Intelligence Agency
