The region of present day Georgia contained the ancient kingdoms of Colchis and Kartli-Iberia. The area came under Roman influence in the first centuries A.D., and Christianity became the state religion in the 330s. Domination by Persians, Arabs, and Turks was followed by a Georgian golden age (11th-13th centuries) that was cut short by the Mongol invasion of 1236. Subsequently, the Ottoman and Persian empires competed for influence in the region. Georgia was absorbed into the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Independent for three years (1918-1921) following the Russian revolution, it was forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1921 and regained its independence when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991.

Mounting public discontent over rampant corruption and ineffective government services, followed by an attempt by the incumbent Georgian Government to manipulate parliamentary elections in November 2003, touched off widespread protests that led to the resignation of Eduard SHEVARDNADZE, president since 1995. In the aftermath of that popular movement, which became known as the "Rose Revolution," new elections in early 2004 swept Mikheil SAAKASHVILI into power along with his United National Movement (UNM) party. Progress on market reforms and democratization has been made in the years since independence, but this progress has been complicated by Russian assistance and support to the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Periodic flare-ups in tension and violence culminated in a five-day conflict in August 2008 between Russia and Georgia, including the invasion of large portions of undisputed Georgian territory. Russian troops pledged to pull back from most occupied Georgian territory, but in late August 2008 Russia unilaterally recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and Russian military forces remain in those regions.

Billionaire philanthropist Bidzina IVANISHVILI's unexpected entry into politics in October 2011 brought the divided opposition together under his Georgian Dream coalition, which won a majority of seats in the October 2012 parliamentary elections and removed UNM from power. Conceding defeat, SAAKASHVILI named IVANISHVILI as prime minister and allowed Georgian Dream to create a new government. Georgian Dream's Giorgi MARGVELASHVILI was inaugurated as president on 17 November 2013, ending a tense year of power-sharing between SAAKASHVILI and IVANISHVILI. IVANISHVILI voluntarily resigned from office after the presidential succession, and Georgia's legislature on 20 November 2013 confirmed Irakli GARIBASHVILI as his replacement. GARIBASHVILI was replaced by Giorgi KVIRIKASHVILI in December 2015. KVIRIKASHVILI remained Prime Minister following Georgian Dream’s success in the October 2016 parliamentary elections, where the party won a constitutional majority. These changes in leadership represent unique examples of a former Soviet state that emerged to conduct democratic and peaceful government transitions of power. Popular and government support for integration with the West is high in Georgia. Joining the EU and NATO are among the country's top foreign policy goals.

Southwestern Asia, bordering the Black Sea, between Turkey and Russia, with a sliver of land north of the Caucasus extending into Europe; note - Georgia views itself as part of Europe; geopolitically, it can be classified as falling within Europe, the Middle East, or both

42 00 N, 43 30 E

Asia

slightly smaller than South Carolina; slightly larger than West Virginia

310 km

warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast

largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and Lesser Caucasus Mountains in the south; Kolkhet'is Dablobi (Kolkhida Lowland) opens to the Black Sea in the west; Mtkvari River Basin in the east; fertile soils in river valley flood plains and foothills of Kolkhida Lowland

highest point: Mt'a Shkhara 5,193 m

timber, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ore, copper, minor coal and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and citrus growth

arable land 5.8%; permanent crops 1.8%; permanent pasture 27.9%

4,330 sq km (2012)

settlement coincides closely to the central valley, with emphasis on the capital city of Tbilisi in the east; smaller urban agglomerations dot the Black Sea coast, with Bat'umi being the largest

earthquakes

air pollution, particularly in Rust'avi; heavy pollution of Mtkvari River and the Black Sea; inadequate supplies of potable water; soil pollution from toxic chemicals

strategically located east of the Black Sea; Georgia controls much of the Caucasus Mountains and the routes through them; Krubera Cave in the western part of the country is the deepest-known cave in the world; at -2,197 m it is the only known cave on earth deeper than 2,000 m

4,926,330 (July 2017 est.)

Georgian 86.8%, Azeri 6.3%, Armenian 4.5%, other 2.3% (includes Russian, Ossetian, Yazidi, Ukrainian, Kist, Greek) (2014 est.)

Georgian (official) 87.6%, Azeri 6.2%, Armenian 3.9%, Russian 1.2%, other 1%

Orthodox (official) 83.4%, Muslim 10.7%, Armenian Apostolic 2.9%, other 1.2% (includes Catholic, Jehovah's Witness, Yazidi, Protestant, Jewish), none 0.5%, unspecified/no answer 1.2% (2014 est.)

-0.02% (2017 est.)

12.3 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)

10.9 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)

-1.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)

settlement coincides closely to the central valley, with emphasis on the capital city of Tbilisi in the east; smaller urban agglomerations dot the Black Sea coast, with Bat'umi being the largest

TBILISI (capital) 1.147 million (2015)

24.5 years

36 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)

1.76 children born/woman (2017 est.)

53.4%

7.4% of GDP (2014)

4.78 physicians/1,000 population (2014)

2.6 beds/1,000 population (2012)

urban: 100% of population

rural: 100% of population

total: 100% of population

urban: 0% of population

rural: 0% of population

total: 0% of population (2015 est.)

urban: 95.2% of population

rural: 75.9% of population

total: 86.3% of population

urban: 4.8% of population

rural: 24.1% of population

total: 13.7% of population (2015 est.)

0.5% (2016 est.)

12,000 (2016 est.)

<500 (2016 est.)

21.7% (2016)

1.1% (2009)

2% of GDP (2012)

semi-presidential republic

9 regions (mkharebi, singular - mkhare), 1 city (kalaki), and 2 autonomous republics (avtomnoy respubliki, singular - avtom respublika)

9 April 1991 (from the Soviet Union); notable earlier date: A.D. 1008 (Georgia unified under King BAGRAT III)

Independence Day, 26 May (1918); note - 26 May 1918 was the date of independence from Soviet Russia, 9 April 1991 was the date of independence from the Soviet Union

civil law system

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

18 years of age; universal

Alliance of Patriots [Irma INASHVILI]

European Georgia [Davit BAKRADZE] (split from UNM)

Georgian Dream-Democratic Georgia [Giorgi KVIRIKASHVILI]

Industry Will Save Georgia (Industrialists) or IWSG [Giorgi TOPADZE]

National Forum [Kakhaber SHARTAVA]

Free Democrats (FD) [Tamar KEKENADZE]

Republican Party [Khatuna SAMNIDZE]

State for the People Party [formerly Paata BURCHULADZE ]

United Democratic Movement [Nino BURJANADZE]

United National Movement or UNM [Nika MELIA]

ADB, BSEC, CD, CE, CPLP (associate), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-11, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

white rectangle with a central red cross extending to all four sides of the flag; each of the four quadrants displays a small red bolnur-katskhuri cross; sometimes referred to as the Five-Cross Flag; although adopted as the official Georgian flag in 2004, the five-cross design appears to date back to the 14th century

Saint George, lion; national colors: red, white

Georgia's main economic activities include cultivation of agricultural products such as grapes, citrus fruits, and hazelnuts; mining of manganese, copper, and gold; and producing alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, metals, machinery, and chemicals in small-scale industries. The country imports nearly all of its needed supplies of natural gas and oil products. It has sizeable hydropower capacity that now provides most of its energy needs.

Georgia has overcome the chronic energy shortages and gas supply interruptions of the past by renovating hydropower plants and by increasingly relying on natural gas imports from Azerbaijan instead of from Russia. Construction of the Baku-T'bilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, the South Caucasus gas pipeline, and the Kars-Akhalkalaki railroad are part of a strategy to capitalize on Georgia's strategic location between Europe and Asia and develop its role as a transit hub for gas, oil, and other goods.

Georgia's economy sustained GDP growth of more than 10% in 2006-07, based on strong inflows of foreign investment and robust government spending. However, GDP growth slowed following the August 2008 conflict with Russia, and sunk to negative 4% in 2009 as foreign direct investment and workers' remittances declined in the wake of the global financial crisis. The economy rebounded in the period 2010-16, but FDI inflows, the engine of Georgian economic growth prior to the 2008 conflict, have not recovered fully. Unemployment has also remained high.

The country is pinning its hopes for renewed growth on a continued effort to liberalize the economy by reducing regulation, taxes, and corruption in order to attract foreign investment, with a focus on hydropower, agriculture, tourism, and textiles production. Georgia has historically suffered from a chronic failure to collect tax revenues; however, since 2004 the government has simplified the tax code, increased tax enforcement, and cracked down on petty corruption, leading to higher revenues. Georgia plans to improve the domestic investment environment through a four-year economic plan targeting the tax system, educational standards, infrastructure, and governance. The government has received high marks from the World Bank for improvements in business transparency. Since 2012, the Georgian Dream-led government has continued the previous administration's low-regulation, low-tax, free market policies, while modestly increasing social spending, strengthening anti-trust policy, and amending the labor code to comply with International Labor Standards. In mid-2014, Georgia signed an association agreement with the EU, paving the way to free trade and visa-free travel. Georgia is also seeking to expand trade with China, concluding substantive negotiations on a trade agreement in October 2016.

$37.17 billion (2016 est.)

$35.72 billion (2015 est.)

$34.35 billion (2014 est.)

$14.33 billion (2016 est.)

2.7% (2016 est.)

2.9% (2015 est.)

4.6% (2014 est.)

$10,000 (2016 est.)

$9,700 (2015 est.)

$9,400 (2014 est.)

19.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

20.1% of GDP (2015 est.)

19.1% of GDP (2014 est.)

citrus, grapes, tea, hazelnuts, vegetables; livestock

steel, machine tools, electrical appliances, mining (manganese, copper, gold), chemicals, wood products, wine

5.9% (2016 est.)

1.998 million (2016 est.)

11.8% (2016 est.)

12% (2015 est.)

9.2% (2010 est.)

40.1 (2014)

46 (2011)

28.7% of GDP (2016 est.)

-3.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

44.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

41.3% of GDP (2015 est.)

calendar year

2.1% (2016 est.)

4% (2015 est.)

6.5% (7 Setpember 2016)

7% (23 September 2015)

12.62% (31 December 2016 est.)

12.49% (31 December 2015 est.)

$2.389 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$2.063 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

$2.454 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$2.402 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

$7.753 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$7 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

$1.155 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

$943.4 million (31 December 2012 est.)

$795.7 million (31 December 2011 est.)

$-1.91 billion (2016 est.)

$-1.775 billion (2015 est.)

$2.831 billion (2016 est.)

$3.021 billion (2015 est.)

vehicles, ferro-alloys, fertilizers, nuts, scrap metal, gold, copper ores

Russia 9.8%, Turkey 8.2%, China 8.1%, Bulgaria 7.3%, Azerbaijan 7.3%, Armenia 7.2%, Germany 4.1% (2016)

$6.64 billion (2016 est.)

$7.394 billion (2015 est.)

fuels, vehicles, machinery and parts, grain and other foods, pharmaceuticals

Canada 18.6%, Turkey 14%, Russia 7%, Ireland 6.5%, China 5.7%, Azerbaijan 5.1%, Germany 4.4%, Ukraine 4.3% (2016)

$2.756 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$2.521 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

$14.08 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$14.85 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

$14.66 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$12.95 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

$2.185 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$1.939 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

laris (GEL) per US dollar -

2.3668 (2016 est.)

2.3668 (2015 est.)

2.2694 (2014 est.)

1.7657 (2013 est.)

1.65 (2012 est.)

11.57 billion kWh (2016 est.)

12.44 billion kWh (2016 est.)

560 million kWh (2016 est.)

478.9 million kWh (2016 est.)

4.28 million kW (2015 est.)

36.2% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

0% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

63.8% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

0% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

400 bbl/day (2016 est.)

1,002 bbl/day (2014 est.)

200 bbl/day (2014 est.)

35 million bbl (1 January 2017 es)

0 bbl/day (2014 est.)

23,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)

283.1 bbl/day (2014 est.)

23,910 bbl/day (2014 est.)

10 million cu m (2015 est.)

2.18 billion cu m (2015 est.)

0 cu m (2013 est.)

1.26 billion cu m (2015 est.)

8.495 billion cu m (1 January 2017 es)

7 million Mt (2013 est.)

Tbilisi-based Georgian Public Broadcaster (GPB) includes Channel 1, Channel 2, as well as the Batumi-based Adjara TV (also a part of GPB); all three are funded from the state budget; there are a number of independent commercial TV stations, including but not limited to Rustavi 2, Imedi, Maestro, Kavkasia, GDS, and TV1; the Georgian Orthodox Church also operates a satellite-based TV station called Unanimity; 26 regional TV broadcasters across Georgia are members of the Georgian Association of Regional Broadcasters (GARB) that seeks to strengthen the regional media's capacities and to distribute regional products; a nationwide digital switchover occurred in 2015; there are several dozen private radio stations; GPB operates 2 radio stations (2016)

.ge

4L (2016)

22 (2013)

2 (2013)

gas 1,596 km; oil 1,175 km (2013)

2.23% of GDP (2016)

2.34% of GDP (2015)

2.26% of GDP (2014)

2.53% of GDP (2013)

3.1% of GDP (2012)

Georgian Armed Forces: Land Forces (include Air and Air Defense Forces); separatist Abkhazia Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Air Forces; separatist South Ossetia Armed Forces

18 to 27 years of age for compulsory and voluntary active duty military service; conscript service obligation is 12 months (2014)

Russia's military support and subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia independence in 2008 continue to sour relations with Georgia

limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for domestic consumption; used as transshipment point for opiates via Central Asia to Western Europe and Russia