Modern-day Laos has its roots in the ancient Lao kingdom of Lan Xang, established in the 14th century under King FA NGUM. For 300 years Lan Xang had influence reaching into present-day Cambodia and Thailand, as well as over all of what is now Laos. After centuries of gradual decline, Laos came under the domination of Siam (Thailand) from the late 18th century until the late 19th century, when it became part of French Indochina. The Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1907 defined the current Lao border with Thailand. In 1975, the communist Pathet Lao took control of the government, ending a six-century-old monarchy and instituting a strict socialist regime closely aligned to Vietnam. A gradual, limited return to private enterprise and the liberalization of foreign investment laws began in 1988. Laos became a member of ASEAN in 1997 and the WTO in 2013.

Southeastern Asia, northeast of Thailand, west of Vietnam

18 00 N, 105 00 E

Southeast Asia

about twice the size of Pennsylvania; slightly larger than Utah

0 km (landlocked)

none (landlocked)

tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April)

mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus

highest point: Phu Bia 2,817 m

timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones

arable land 6.2%; permanent crops 0.7%; permanent pasture 3.7%

3,100 sq km (2012)

most densely populated area is in and around the capital city of Vientiane; large communities are primarily found along the Mekong River along the southwestern border; overall density is considered one of the lowest in Southeast Asia

floods, droughts

unexploded ordnance; deforestation; soil erosion; most of the population does not have access to potable water

landlocked; most of the country is mountainous and thickly forested; the Mekong River forms a large part of the western boundary with Thailand

7,126,706 (July 2017 est.)

Lao 53.2%, Khmou 11%, Hmong 9.2%, Phouthay 3.4%, Tai 3.1%, Makong 2.5%, Katong 2.2%, Lue 2%, Akha 1.8%, other 11.6%

Lao (official), French, English, various ethnic languages

Buddhist 64.7%, Christian 1.7%, none 31.4%, other/not stated 2.1% (2015 est.)

1.51% (2017 est.)

23.6 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)

7.4 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)

-1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)

most densely populated area is in and around the capital city of Vientiane; large communities are primarily found along the Mekong River along the southwestern border; overall density is considered one of the lowest in Southeast Asia

VIENTIANE (capital) 997,000 (2015)

197 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)

2.7 children born/woman (2017 est.)

49.8% (2011/12)

1.9% of GDP (2014)

0.18 physicians/1,000 population (2012)

1.5 beds/1,000 population (2012)

urban: 85.6% of population

rural: 69.4% of population

total: 75.7% of population

urban: 14.4% of population

rural: 30.6% of population

total: 24.3% of population (2015 est.)

urban: 94.5% of population

rural: 56% of population

total: 70.9% of population

urban: 5.5% of population

rural: 44% of population

total: 29.1% of population (2015 est.)

0.3% (2016 est.)

11,000 (2016 est.)

<500 (2016 est.)

5.3% (2016)

26.5% (2011)

3.3% of GDP (2014)

communist state

17 provinces (khoueng, singular and plural) and 1 capital city* (nakhon luang, singular and plural); Attapu, Bokeo, Bolikhamxai, Champasak, Houaphan, Khammouan, Louangnamtha, Louangphabang, Oudomxai, Phongsali, Salavan, Savannakhet, Viangchan (Vientiane)*, Viangchan, Xaignabouli, Xaisomboun, Xekong, Xiangkhouang

19 July 1949 (from France)

Republic Day (National Day), 2 December (1975)

previous 1947 (preindependence); latest promulgated 13-15 August 1991; amended 2003, 2015 (2016)

civil law system similar in form to the French system

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

18 years of age; universal

Lao People's Revolutionary Party or LPRP [BOUNNYANG Vorachit]

International Labor Organization

ADB, ARF, ASEAN, CP, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO (subscriber), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and red with a large white disk centered in the blue band; the red bands recall the blood shed for liberation; the blue band represents the Mekong River and prosperity; the white disk symbolizes the full moon against the Mekong River, but also signifies the unity of the people under the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, as well as the country's bright future

elephant; national colors: red, white, blue

The government of Laos, one of the few remaining one-party communist states, began decentralizing control and encouraging private enterprise in 1986. Economic growth averaged more than 6% per year in the period 1988-2008, and Laos' growth has more recently been amongst the fastest in Asia, averaging nearly 8% per year for most of the last decade. However, growth has declined over the past year and is expected to be about 6.8% in 2017, according to the IMF.

Nevertheless, Laos remains a country with an underdeveloped infrastructure, particularly in rural areas. It has a basic, but improving, road system, and limited external and internal land-line telecommunications. Electricity is available to 83% of the population. Agriculture, dominated by rice cultivation in lowland areas, accounts for about 25% of GDP and 73% of total employment. Recently, the country has faced a persistent current account deficit, falling foreign currency reserves, and growing public debt, as slow recovery of the global economy, especially that of China, has driven down the prices of its mineral exports.

Laos' economy is heavily dependent on capital-intensive natural resource exports. The economy has benefited from high-profile foreign direct investment in hydropower dams along the Mekong River, copper and gold mining, logging, and construction, although some projects in these industries have drawn criticism for their environmental impacts.

Laos gained Normal Trade Relations status with the US in 2004 and applied for Generalized System of Preferences trade benefits in 2013 after being admitted to the World Trade Organization earlier in the year. Laos held the chairmanship of ASEAN in 2016. Laos is in the process of implementing a value-added tax system. The government appears committed to raising the country's profile among foreign investors and has developed special economic zones replete with generous tax incentives, but a limited labor pool, a small domestic market, and corruption remain impediments to investment. Laos also has ongoing problems with the business environment, including onerous registration requirements, a gap between legislation and implementation, and unclear or conflicting regulations.

$45.25 billion (2016 est.)

$41.75 billion (2015 est.)

$38.5 billion (2014 est.)

$15.77 billion (2016 est.)

7% (2016 est.)

7.3% (2015 est.)

7.6% (2014 est.)

$6,900 (2016 est.)

$6,500 (2015 est.)

$6,200 (2014 est.)

14.8% of GDP (2016 est.)

14.5% of GDP (2015 est.)

19.9% of GDP (2014 est.)

sweet potatoes, vegetables, corn, coffee, sugarcane, tobacco, cotton, tea, peanuts, rice; cassava (manioc, tapioca), water buffalo, pigs, cattle, poultry

mining (copper, tin, gold, gypsum); timber, electric power, agricultural processing, rubber, construction, garments, cement, tourism

8% (2016 est.)

3.521 million (2016 est.)

1.5% (2016 est.)

1.4% (2015 est.)

22% (2013 est.)

36.7 (2008)

34.6 (2002)

21.2% of GDP (2016 est.)

-6.6% of GDP (2016 est.)

67.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

65.6% of GDP (2015 est.)

1 October - 30 September

2% (2016 est.)

1.3% (2015 est.)

4.3% (31 December 2010)

4% (31 December 2009)

18% (31 December 2016 est.)

18.2% (31 December 2015 est.)

$1.243 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$1.192 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

$8.197 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$7.341 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

$8.381 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$7.288 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

$1.012 billion (2012 est.)

$576.8 million (2011 est.)

$-1.678 billion (2016 est.)

$-2.265 billion (2015 est.)

$2.705 billion (2016 est.)

$2.769 billion (2015 est.)

wood products, coffee, electricity, tin, copper, gold, cassava

Thailand 40.1%, China 28.5%, Vietnam 13.7% (2016)

$5.547 billion (2016 est.)

$5.233 billion (2015 est.)

machinery and equipment, vehicles, fuel, consumer goods

Thailand 64.6%, China 16.5%, Vietnam 9.4% (2016)

$940.1 million (31 December 2016 est.)

$1.058 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

$12.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$11.65 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

$15.14 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

$12.44 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

kips (LAK) per US dollar -

8,129.1 (2016 est.)

8,129.1 (2015 est.)

8,147.9 (2014 est.)

8,049 (2013 est.)

8,007.3 (2012 est.)

11.46 billion kWh (2015 est.)

4.239 billion kWh (2015 est.)

8.469 billion kWh (2015 est.)

2.05 billion kWh (2015 est.)

4.541 million kW (2015 est.)

1.1% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

0% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

98.2% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

0.7% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

0 bbl/day (2016 est.)

0 bbl/day (2014 est.)

0 bbl/day (2014 est.)

0 bbl (1 January 2017 es)

0 bbl/day (2014 est.)

3,500 bbl/day (2015 est.)

0 bbl/day (2014 est.)

3,480 bbl/day (2014 est.)

0 cu m (2013 est.)

0 cu m (2013 est.)

0 cu m (2013 est.)

0 cu m (2013 est.)

0 cu m (1 January 2014 es)

500,000 Mt (2013 est.)

6 TV stations operating out of Vientiane - 3 government-operated and the others commercial; 17 provincial stations operating with nearly all programming relayed via satellite from the government-operated stations in Vientiane; Chinese and Vietnamese programming relayed via satellite from Lao National TV; broadcasts available from stations in Thailand and Vietnam in border areas; multi-channel satellite and cable TV systems provide access to a wide range of foreign stations; state-controlled radio with state-operated Lao National Radio (LNR) broadcasting on 5 frequencies - 1 AM, 1 SW, and 3 FM; LNR's AM and FM programs are relayed via satellite constituting a large part of the programming schedules of the provincial radio stations; Thai radio broadcasts available in border areas and transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are also accessible (2012)

.la

RDPL (2016)

41 (2013)

refined products 540 km (2013)

4,600 km (primarily on the Mekong River and its tributaries; 2,900 additional km are intermittently navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m) (2012)

0.2% of GDP (2013)

0.22% of GDP (2012)

0.23% of GDP (2011)

Lao People's Armed Forces (LPAF): Lao People's Army (LPA, includes Riverine Force), Air Force (2011)

18 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - minimum 18-months (2012)

serving one of the world's least developed countries, the Lao People's Armed Forces (LPAF) is small, poorly funded, and ineffectively resourced; its mission focus is border and internal security, primarily in countering ethnic Hmong insurgent groups; together with the Lao People's Revolutionary Party and the government, the Lao People's Army (LPA) is the third pillar of state machinery, and as such is expected to suppress political and civil unrest and similar national emergencies; there is no perceived external threat to the state and the LPA maintains strong ties with the neighboring Vietnamese military (2012)

southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; talks continue on completion of demarcation with Thailand but disputes remain over islands in the Mekong River; Cambodia and Laos have a longstanding border demarcation dispute; concern among Mekong River Commission members that China's construction of eight dams on the Upper Mekong River and construction of more dams on its tributaries will affect water levels, sediment flows, and fisheries; Cambodia and Vietnam are concerned about Laos' extensive plans for upstream dam construction for the same reasons

estimated opium poppy cultivation in 2015 was estimated to be 5,700 hectares, compared with 6,200 hectares in 2014; estimated potential production of between 84 and 176 mt of raw opium; unsubstantiated reports of domestic methamphetamine production; growing domestic methamphetamine problem