Europe :: LUXEMBOURG

  • Introduction :: LUXEMBOURG

  • Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and an independent state under the Netherlands. It lost more than half of its territory to Belgium in 1839 but gained a larger measure of autonomy. In 1867, Luxembourg attained full independence under the condition that it promise perpetual neutrality. Overrun by Germany in both world wars, it ended its neutrality in 1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and when it joined NATO the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the EEC (later the EU), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency zone.

  • Geography :: LUXEMBOURG

  • Western Europe, between France and Germany
    49 45 N, 6 10 E
    Europe
    total: 2,586 sq km
    land: 2,586 sq km
    water: 0 sq km
    country comparison to the world: 179
    slightly smaller than Rhode Island; about half the size of Delaware
    total: 327 km
    border countries (3): Belgium 130 km, France 69 km, Germany 128 km
    0 km (landlocked)
    none (landlocked)
    modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
    mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast
    mean elevation: 325 m
    elevation extremes: lowest point: Moselle River 133 m
    highest point: Buurgplaatz 559 m
    iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land
    agricultural land: 50.7%
    arable land 24%; permanent crops 0.6%; permanent pasture 26.1%
    forest: 33.5%
    other: 15.8% (2011 est.)
    0 sq km (2012)
    most people live in the south, on or near the border with France
    occasional flooding
    air and water pollution in urban areas, soil pollution of farmland
    party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
    signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
    landlocked; the only grand duchy in the world

  • People and Society :: LUXEMBOURG

  • 594,130 (July 2017 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 171
    noun: Luxembourger(s)
    adjective: Luxembourg
    Luxembourger 53.3%, Portuguese 16.2%, French 7.2%, Italian 3.5%, Belgian 3.4%, German 2.2%, British 1.1%, other 13.2%
    note: data represent population by nationality (2016 est.)
    Luxembourgish (official administrative and judicial language and national language (spoken vernacular)) 88.8%, French (official administrative, judicial, and legislative language) 4.2%, Portuguese 2.3%, German (official administrative and judicial language) 1.1%, other 3.5% (2011 est.)
    Roman Catholic 87%, other (includes Protestant, Jewish, and Muslim) 13% (2000)
    0-14 years: 16.77% (male 51,333/female 48,296)
    15-24 years: 12.18% (male 37,047/female 35,310)
    25-54 years: 44.27% (male 134,986/female 128,028)
    55-64 years: 11.77% (male 35,450/female 34,457)
    65 years and over: 15.02% (male 39,786/female 49,437) (2017 est.)
    total dependency ratio: 43.6
    youth dependency ratio: 23.5
    elderly dependency ratio: 20.1
    potential support ratio: 5 (2015 est.)
    total: 39.3 years
    male: 38.7 years
    female: 39.9 years (2017 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 54
    1.98% (2017 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 47
    11.5 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 170
    7.3 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 123
    15.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 3
    most people live in the south, on or near the border with France
    urban population: 90.7% of total population (2017)
    rate of urbanization: 1.46% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
    LUXEMBOURG (capital) 107,000 (2014)
    at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
    0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
    15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
    25-54 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
    55-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
    65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
    total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2016 est.)
    30.1 years (2015 est.)
    10 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 150
    total: 3.4 deaths/1,000 live births
    male: 3.8 deaths/1,000 live births
    female: 3 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 209
    total population: 82.3 years
    male: 79.9 years
    female: 84.9 years (2017 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 13
    1.62 children born/woman (2017 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 178
    6.6% of GDP (2014)
    country comparison to the world: 90
    2.92 physicians/1,000 population (2015)
    5.4 beds/1,000 population (2010)
    improved:
    urban: 100% of population
    rural: 100% of population
    total: 100% of population
    unimproved:
    urban: 0% of population
    rural: 0% of population
    total: 0% of population (2015 est.)
    improved:
    urban: 97.5% of population
    rural: 98.5% of population
    total: 97.6% of population
    unimproved:
    urban: 2.5% of population
    rural: 1.5% of population
    total: 2.4% of population (2015 est.)
    NA
    NA
    <100 (2016 est.)
    22.6% (2016)
    country comparison to the world: 74
    4.1% of GDP (2012)
    country comparison to the world: 118
    total: 14 years
    male: 14 years
    female: 14 years (2012)
    total: 17.4%
    male: 18.9%
    female: 15.7% (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 59

  • Government :: LUXEMBOURG

  • conventional long form: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
    conventional short form: Luxembourg
    local long form: Grand Duchee de Luxembourg
    local short form: Luxembourg
    etymology: from the Celtic "lucilem" (little) and the German "burg" (castle or fortress) to produce the meaning of the "little castle"
    constitutional monarchy
    name: Luxembourg
    geographic coordinates: 49 36 N, 6 07 E
    time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
    daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
    12 cantons (cantons, singular - canton); Capellen, Clervaux, Diekirch, Echternach, Esch-sur-Alzette, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg, Mersch, Redange, Remich, Vianden, Wiltz
    1839 (from the Netherlands)
    National Day (Birthday of Grand Duke HENRI), 23 June; note - this date of birth is not the true date of birth for any of the Royals, but the national festivities were shifted in 1962 to allow observance during a more favorable time of year
    history: previous 1842 (heavily amended 1848, 1856); latest effective 17 October 1868
    amendments: proposed by the Chamber of Deputies or by the monarch to the Chamber; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Chamber in two successive readings three months apart; a referendum can be substituted for the second reading if approved by more than one-quarter of the Chamber members or by 25,000 valid voters; adoption by referendum requires a majority of all valid voters; amended many times, last in 2009 (2016)
    civil law system
    accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
    citizenship by birth: limited to situations where the parents are either unknown, stateless, or when the nationality law of the parents' state of origin does not permit acquisition of citizenship by descent when the birth occurs outside of national territory
    citizenship by descent: at least one parent must be a citizen of Luxembourg
    dual citizenship recognized: yes
    residency requirement for naturalization: 7 years
    18 years of age; universal and compulsory
    chief of state: Grand Duke HENRI (since 7 October 2000); Heir Apparent Prince GUILLAUME, son of the monarch, born 11 November 1981
    head of government: Prime Minister Xavier BETTEL (since 4 December 2013); Deputy Prime Minister Etienne SCHNEIDER (since 4 December 2013)
    cabinet: Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister, appointed by the monarch
    elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; following elections to the Chamber of Deputies, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarch; deputy prime minister appointed by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime minister are responsible to the Chamber of Deputies
    description: unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Chambre des Deputes (60 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms); note - a 21-member Council of State appointed by the Grand Duke on the advice of the prime minister serves as an advisory body to the Chamber of Deputies
    elections: last held on 20 October 2013 (next to be held by October 2018)
    election results: percent of vote by party - CSV 33.7%, LSAP 20.3%, DP 18.3%, Green Party 10.1%, ADR 6.6%, The Left 4.9%, other 6.1%; seats by party - CSV 23, LSAP 13, DP 13, Green Party 6, ADR 3, The Left 2
    highest court(s): Superior Court of Justice includes Court of Appeal and Court of Cassation (consists of 27 judges on 9 benches); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)
    judge selection and term of office: judges of both courts appointed by the monarch for life
    subordinate courts: Court of Accounts; district and local tribunals and courts
    Alternative Democratic Reform Party or ADR [Jean SCHOOS]
    Christian Social People's Party or CSV [Marc SPAUTZ]
    Democratic Party or DP [Corinne CAHEN]
    Green Party [Francoise FOLMER and Christian KMIOTEK]
    Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP [Claude HAAGEN]
    The Left (dei Lenk/la Gauche) [collective leadership, Central Committee]
    other minor parties
    Business Federation Luxembourg or FEDIL [Nicolas BUCK]
    Centrale Paysanne [Marc FISCH] (federation of agricultural producers)
    Chamber of Artisans (Chambre des Metiers) [Tom OBERWEIS]
    Chamber of Commerce (Chambre de Commerce) [Carlo THELEN]
    Chambre des Salaries or CSL [Jean-Claude REDING]
    General Association of Officials (Confederation Generale de la Fonction Publique or CGFP) [Romain WOLFF] (trade union representing civil service)
    Greenpeace [Raymond AENDEKERK]
    Luxembourg Confederation of Christian Trade Unions or LCGB [Patrick DURY] (center-right trade union)
    Luxembourg Association of Bankers and Insurance Employees or ALEBA [Roberto SCOLATI]
    Luxembourg Bankers Association or ABBL [Yves MAAS]
    Mouvement Ecologique [Blanche WEBER] (environmental protection)
    Confederation of Independent Trade Unions or OGB-L [Andre ROELTGEN] (center-left trade union)
    ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
    chief of mission: Ambassador Sylvie LUCAS (since 16 September 2016)
    chancery: 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
    telephone: [1] (202) 265-4171
    FAX: [1] (202) 328-8270
    consulate(s) general: New York, San Francisco
    US chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Alison SHORTER-LAWRENCE (since 20 January 2017)
    embassy: 22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City
    mailing address: Unit 3560, APO-AE 09126-3560 (official mail)
    telephone: [352] 46-01-23 00
    FAX: [352] 46-14-01
    three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue; similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and is shorter; the coloring is derived from the Grand Duke's coat of arms (a red lion on a white and blue striped field)
    red, rampant lion; national colors: red, white, light blue
    name: "Ons Heemecht" (Our Motherland); "De Wilhelmus" (The William)
    lyrics/music: Michel LENTZ/Jean-Antoine ZINNEN; Nikolaus WELTER/unknown
    note: "Ons Heemecht," adopted 1864, is the national anthem, while "De Wilhelmus," adopted 1919, serves as a royal anthem for use when members of the grand ducal family enter or exit a ceremony in Luxembourg

  • Economy :: LUXEMBOURG

  • This small, stable, high-income economy has historically featured solid growth, low inflation, and low unemployment. Luxembourg, the only Grand Duchy in the world, is a landlocked country in northwestern Europe surrounded by Belgium, France, and Germany. Despite its small landmass and small population, Luxembourg is the second-wealthiest country in the world when measured on a gross domestic product (PPP) per capita basis. Luxembourg has one of the highest current account surpluses as a share of GDP in the euro zone, and it maintains a healthy budgetary position and the lowest public debt level in the region.
    Since 2002, the Luxembourg Government has proactively implemented policies and programs to support economic diversification and to attract foreign direct investment. The government focused on key innovative industries that showed promise for supporting economic growth: logistics, information and communications technology (ICT); health technologies, including biotechnology and biomedical research; clean energy technologies;, and most recently, space technology and financial services technologies. The economy has evolved and flourished, posting a strong GDP growth rate – projected at 4.5% in 2017-2018, far outpacing the European average of 1.8%.
    Luxembourg remains a financial powerhouse – the financial sector accounts for more than 35% of GDP - due to the exponential growth of the investment fund sector through the launch and development of cross-border funds (UCITS) in the 1990s. Luxembourg is the world’s second-largest investment fund asset domicile, after the US, with $4 trillion of assets in custody in financial institutions.
    Luxembourg has lost some of its advantage as a favorable tax location because of OECD and EU pressure, as well as the “LuxLeaks” scandal, which revealed advantageous tax treatments offered to foreign corporations. In 2015, the government’s compliance with EU requirements to implement automatic exchange of tax information on savings accounts - thus ending banking secrecy - has constricted banking activity. Likewise, changes to the way EU members collect taxes from e-commerce has cut Luxembourg’s sales tax revenues, requiring the government to raise additional levies and to reduce some direct social benefits as part of the tax reform package of 2017.
    $60.93 billion (2016 est.)
    $57.75 billion (2015 est.)
    $54.93 billion (2014 est.)
    note: data are in 2016 dollars
    country comparison to the world: 105
    $59.98 billion (2016 est.)
    4.2% (2016 est.)
    4% (2015 est.)
    5.6% (2014 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 64
    $105,800 (2016 est.)
    $103,900 (2015 est.)
    $102,200 (2014 est.)
    note: data are in 2016 dollars
    country comparison to the world: 4
    22.8% of GDP (2016 est.)
    24% of GDP (2015 est.)
    23.8% of GDP (2014 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 69
    household consumption: 29.2%
    government consumption: 16.3%
    investment in fixed capital: 17.6%
    investment in inventories: 0.5%
    exports of goods and services: 227.9%
    imports of goods and services: -191.5% (2016 est.)
    agriculture: 0.2%
    industry: 12.3%
    services: 87.4% (2016 est.)
    grapes, barley, oats, potatoes, wheat, fruits; dairy and livestock products
    banking and financial services, construction, real estate services, iron, metals, and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation and logistics, chemicals, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism, biotechnology
    0.3% (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 154
    266,900
    note: data exclude foreign workers; in addition to the figure for domestic labor force, about 150,000 workers commute daily from France, Belgium, and Germany (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 167
    agriculture: 1.1%
    industry: 20%
    services: 78.9% (2013 est.)
    6.4% (2016 est.)
    6.8% (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 84
    NA%
    lowest 10%: 3.5%
    highest 10%: 23.8% (2000)
    30.4 (2013 est.)
    26 (2005 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 124
    revenues: $25.61 billion
    expenditures: $24.68 billion (2016 est.)
    43.1% of GDP (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 30
    1.6% of GDP (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 15
    20% of GDP (2016 est.)
    21.6% of GDP (2015 est.)
    note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
    country comparison to the world: 185
    calendar year
    0% (2016 est.)
    0.1% (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 50
    0.25% (31 December 2016)
    0.3% (31 December 2010)
    note: this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area
    country comparison to the world: 143
    $229.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
    $218.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
    note: see entry for the EU for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders
    country comparison to the world: 19
    $271.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
    $271 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 35
    $109.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
    $108.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 53
    $47.13 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
    $63.17 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
    $78.64 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 53
    $2.823 billion (2016 est.)
    $2.962 billion (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 30
    $16.37 billion (2016 est.)
    $17.6 billion (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 72
    machinery and equipment, steel products, chemicals, rubber products, glass
    Germany 23.1%, Belgium 16.6%, France 15.4%, Netherlands 5.1% (2016)
    $19.97 billion (2016 est.)
    $20.49 billion (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 70
    commercial aircraft, minerals, chemicals, metals, foodstuffs, luxury consumer goods
    Belgium 29.4%, Germany 24.3%, France 10.3%, US 7%, China 5.8%, Netherlands 4.3%, Mexico 4.3% (2016)
    $974 million (31 December 2016 est.)
    $771 million (31 December 2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 125
    $3.781 trillion (31 March 2016 est.)
    $3.806 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 7
    $11.21 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 94
    $NA
    euros (EUR) per US dollar -
    0.9214 (2016 est.)
    0.885 (2015 est.)
    0.885 (2014 est.)
    0.7634 (2013 est.)
    0.7752 (2012 est.)

  • Energy :: LUXEMBOURG

  • electrification - total population: 100% (2016)
    735 million kWh (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 158
    6.178 billion kWh (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 114
    1.42 billion kWh (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 51
    7.718 billion kWh (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 32
    2.023 million kW (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 113
    23.7% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 192
    0% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 131
    1.7% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 140
    12.7% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 60
    0 bbl/day (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 162
    0 bbl/day (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 155
    0 bbl/day (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 152
    0 bbl (1 January 2017 es)
    country comparison to the world: 159
    0 bbl/day (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 166
    56,120 bbl/day (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 99
    0 bbl/day (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 173
    55,900 bbl/day (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 77
    6 million cu m (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 98
    1.108 billion cu m (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 96
    0 cu m (2014 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 140
    875 million cu m (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 61
    0 cu m (1 January 2014 es)
    country comparison to the world: 164
    11 million Mt (2013 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 101

  • Communications :: LUXEMBOURG

  • total subscriptions: 280,000
    subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 48 (July 2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 119
    total: 813,000
    subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 140 (July 2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 162
    general assessment: highly developed, completely automated and efficient system, mainly buried cables
    domestic: fixed-line teledensity about 50 per 100 persons; nationwide mobile-cellular telephone system with market for mobile-cellular phones virtually saturated
    international: country code - 352 (2016)
    Luxembourg has a long tradition of operating radio and TV services for pan-European audiences and is home to Europe's largest privately owned broadcast media group, the RTL Group, which operates 46 TV stations and 29 radio stations in Europe; also home to Europe's largest satellite operator, Societe Europeenne des Satellites (SES); domestically, the RTL Group operates TV and radio networks; other domestic private radio and TV operators and French and German stations available; satellite and cable TV services available (2016)
    .lu
    total: 567,698
    percent of population: 97.5% (July 2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 130

  • Transportation :: LUXEMBOURG

  • number of registered air carriers: 3
    inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 119
    annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 1,830,972
    annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 6,309,473,324 mt-km (2015)
    LX (2016)
    2 (2013)
    country comparison to the world: 202
    total: 1
    over 3,047 m: 1 (2017)
    total: 1
    under 914 m: 1 (2013)
    1 (2013)
    gas 142 km; refined products 27 km (2013)
    total: 275 km
    standard gauge: 275 km 1.435-m gauge (275 km electrified) (2014)
    country comparison to the world: 125
    total: 2,899 km
    paved: 2,899 km (includes 152 km of expressways) (2011)
    country comparison to the world: 167
    37 km (on Moselle River) (2010)
    country comparison to the world: 104
    total: 49
    by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 3, chemical tanker 20, container 10, petroleum tanker 2, roll on/roll off 12
    foreign-owned: 48 (Belgium 11, Denmark 1, France 15, Germany 9, Japan 3, Netherlands 3, Switzerland 1, UK 5)
    registered in other countries: 18 (Italy 14, Malta 3, Panama 1) (2010)
    country comparison to the world: 73
    river port(s): Mertert (Moselle)

  • Military and Security :: LUXEMBOURG

  • 0.49% of GDP (2016)
    0.48% of GDP (2015)
    0.42% of GDP (2014)
    0.42% of GDP (2013)
    0.42% of GDP (2012)
    country comparison to the world: 123
    Luxembourg Army (Armee Luxembourgeoise) (2015)
    18-24 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; Luxembourg citizen or EU citizen with 3-year residence in Luxembourg (2012)

  • Transnational Issues :: LUXEMBOURG

  • none
    stateless persons: 83 (2016)